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page 1 rf m95/96/9 7/98 w rfm95/96/97/98(w) - low power long range t r ansceiver module v1.0 general description th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) t r a n sceive rs f e atu re t he lor a tm long r a ng e mo d e m th at p r ovid e s ul t r a - lo ng r a n ge s p r e ad s p ectr um co m mu n ic a ti on an d hi g h inte rf e r enc e i mm u nity w hilst m ini m isi n g c u r r e n t c o ns um p t io n . using hope rf ? s p a ten t ed lor a tm mo d u la t ion t e c hn iq u e rfm95/96/97/98(w) c an ac hiev e a s e nsitivity of over - 1 48dbm using a low c o s t cry s t al and bill of materials. the high s ensiti v ity c ombined with the i n t e g r ate d + 20 db m p ower amplifier yields industry leading link budget making it optimal for a n y applicati o n r e q u iring range or robustness. lor a tm also provid e s sig n ifica n t adva n t a g e s in both blocking an d s e lectivit y ove r c o nve n t i onal modulation techniq u es, s o lvin g t he t r a d iti o n al d e si gn c o mp r o mi s e b e tw e e n r a ng e, inte r f e r e nc e imm u nit y a n d e n e r g y c o nsum p ti o n. th e s e d e vic e s also s u pp o r t h i g h p e r f o r m an ce ( g ) f sk modes for systems including wmbus, ieee80 2 .15.4g. the rfm95/96/97/98(w) d e liver e x cep t ional phase noise , selectivit y , re c ei v er linearity and iip3 f o r s ignificantly lo w er current c o nsu m ptio n th an c o mp e ti ng d e vices. key product fe a t ures ? lora tm m o d e m. ? 1 6 8 db m a xi m u m lin k b u dg e t. ? + 2 0 dbm - 1 00 m w c o ns t an t r f o u t p ut v s . v s u p p l y . ? +1 4 dbm hig h e f fic ie n c y p a. ? p r og r a m ma ble bi t rat e up t o 3 0 0 kb p s. ? high s ensitivity: do w n to - 148 dbm. ? bullet - proof front end: ii p 3 = - 12.5 dbm. ? exc e ll e nt bl o c k ing i mm u n it y . ? l o w r x cur r e nt o f 1 0 . 3 m a , 2 00 n a r e gist er r etentio n. ? f u lly integrated synthesizer with a r e solution of 61 hz. ? f s k, gfsk, ms k , gm s k, lor a tm and o o k modulation. ? buil t - in b it s yn c h r o n iz e r f o r clo c k r e c o v e r y . ? p r ea m bl e d etecti o n. ? 1 2 7 db dyna m i c ran g e rssi. ? au t o ma tic rf s e n s e a n d cad with u lt r a - f a st a f c . ? pa c ket engine up to 256 bytes wi th crc. ? b u ilt - in tem p e r atu re s e nso r a n d l ow b a tt e r y i n dicato r . ? modue size 16*16mm applic a tions ? au t omated meter reading. ? home and b uilding automation. ? wir e l e ss ala r m a n d s e c u rity sy s t e m s . ? in d ustria l m o nito ri n g a n d co n t r o l ? l on g ra n g e i r ri g a t ion sy s t e ms rfm95/96/97/98(w) t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 2 rf m95/96/9 7/98 w section page 1. g eneral descrip t ion . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. 9 1.1. simplified block diagram . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. 9 1.2. product v ersions .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . 1 0 1.3. pin diagram . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 10 1.4. pin des c ription . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... 11 2. electrical characteri s ti cs . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 12 2.1. esd notice . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 12 2.2. absolu t e maximum ratings .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 12 2.3. o perating rang e . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 12 2.4. chip spe c ification . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 3 2.4.1. po w er consumption ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 13 2.4.2. frequency synthe s is .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 13 2.4.3. f s k/ o ok mode re c ei v er . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 14 2.4.4. f s k/ o ok mode transmit t er ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 15 2.4.5. ele c tri c al speci f ication f or loratm mod u lation . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 16 2.4.6. digi t al speci f ication . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 19 3. rfm95/96/97/98(w) fea t ures . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. 20 3.1. lo r atm modem . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 21 3.2. fsk/ oo k modem . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .... 21 4. rfm95/96/97/98(w) digital elec t roni c s . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .... . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . ..... ... 22 4.1. the loratm modem .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .... . . .. . .... 22 4.1.1. link d e s ign u s ing t he lo r atm modem . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . .. . .. .. ... . . 23 4.1.2. loratm digi t al interface . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . ... . . 29 4.1.3. operation of the loratm modem . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . .. . .... 31 4.1.4. frequency settings ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .... . ... .. .. . .. . ... . . 32 4.1.5. loratm modem s t a t e machine s equences . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ..... . .. . .. . ..... . ..... . .. . ... . . 33 4.2. fsk/ oo k modem . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 41 4.2.1. bit r a t e s e t ting . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .... 41 4.2.2. f s k/ o ok transmis s ion . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 42 4.2.3. f s k/ o ok re c eption .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 43 4.2.4. operating modes in fs k /o o k mode ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .... 50 4.2.5. startup times . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 50 4.2.6. recei v er s t artup op tions . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 53 4.2.7. recei v er res t art met h ods . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 54 4.2.8. top le v el s equencer . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 55 4.2.9. data processing in fsk/ o ok mode . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 60 4.2.10. fifo . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . . 61 4.2.11. d igital i o pins mapping .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 64 4.2.12. c ontinuous mode . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 65 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 3 rf m95/96/9 7/98 w section page 4.2.13. pac k et mode .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 66 4.2.14. io - homecon t rol? compatibility mode . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 74 4.3. spi inter f a c e ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 75 5. rfm95/96/97/98(w) analog & rf f r on t end electronic s .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . . . ... ..... . 76 5.1. power supply strategy ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 76 5.2. low battery detector .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 76 5.3. frequen c y s y n t hesis .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 76 5.3.1. cr y stal o scillator . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 76 5.3.2. clko u t output .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 77 5.3.3. pll . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 77 5.3.4. rc o s c illa t or . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 77 5.4. transmitter descrip t i on .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. .. . 78 5.4.1. ar c hitec t ure descrip t ion . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 78 5.4.2. rf power a mplifier s ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 78 5.4.3. high p ower +20 dbm op era t ion . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 79 5.4.4. o v er current protection .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . ... . . . ... . . 80 5.5. receiver de s cription . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 80 5.5.1. o v e rview . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 80 5.5.2. recei v er enabl e d and receiver a c tive s t a t es . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .... 80 5.5.3. au t omatic gain con t rol in fsk/ oo k mode .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 80 5.5.4. rssi in f s k/ o ok mode .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 81 5.5.5. rssi in loratm mode . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 82 5.5.6. chan nel filter . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 82 5.5.7. temperature mea s ureme n t . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 83 6. des c ription of the regis t er s . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 84 6.1. register table summary . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .... 84 6.2. fsk/ oo k mode regi s ter ma p . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .... 87 6.3. band s pecific addi t ional regis t ers . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 100 6.4. lo r atm mode register map . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 102 7. appli c a t ion information . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 108 7.1. crys t al re sonator s pecifi c a t ion ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 108 7.2. reset of the chip .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 108 7.2.1. po r .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 108 7.2.2. manual reset .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 109 7.3. top s equencer: li s ten mode e x amples ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 109 7.3.1. wake on preamble i n t errupt ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 109 7.3.2. wake on s y n c address i n terrupt . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . 112 7.4. top s equencer: beacon mode ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . 115 7.4.1. timing diagra m . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 115 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 4 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) section page 7.4.2. sequencer configuratio n .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 115 7.5. e x ample c rc cal c ulation . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . 117 7.6. e x ample temperature r eading .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . 118 8. packaging information .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 119 8.1. package outline drawing .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 119 8 .2. recommended land pa t tern . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. 120 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 5 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) section page table 1. rfm95/96/97/98(w) d e v ice variants and key parameters . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .... .. . ... . . 1 0 table 2. absolu t e maximum ratings . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 2 table 3. o perating range . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 2 table 4. power con sump t ion specifi c ation . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 3 table 5. frequency s ynthesi z er spe c ification . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 3 table 6. fsk / o o k receiver speci f ica t ion . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 4 table 7. transmitter speci f i c ation . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 5 table 8. lo r a recei v er specification. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 7 table 9. d igital specifi c ation .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 1 9 table 10. example lo r atm modem performan c es .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 2 2 table 11. range of spreading fac t ors . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 2 4 table 12. c y c lic c oding o verhead . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 2 4 table 13. loratm operating mode functionality ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 3 1 table 14. lora c ad c onsumption figures .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 0 table 15. dio mapping loratm mode .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 1 table 16. bit ra t e examples .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 2 table 17. preamble detector settings . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 8 table 18. rxtrigger set t ings t o enable timeout i n terrupts . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 9 table 19. basic trans c eiver modes . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 0 table 20. rece iver s t artup time summary .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 1 table 21. receiver s t artup o p tions . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 4 table 22. sequencer states . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 5 table 23. sequencer tra ns ition op tion s . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 6 table 24. sequencer t i mer se t tings . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 8 table 25. status of f i fo w hen swi t ching between d iffe r ent modes of the chip . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 2 table 26. dio mapping, con t inuous mode . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 4 table 27. dio mapping, packet mode . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 4 table 28. c r c d es c ription . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 2 table 29. power amplifi e r mode selection truth table . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 8 table 30. high po w er settings .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 9 table 31. operating range, +20 d bm op era t ion . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 9 table 32. operating range, +20 d bm op era t ion . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 9 table 33. trimming of t he o cp current . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 0 table 34. l n a g ain c ontrol and performan c es .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 1 table 35. rs s ismoothing op tio n s . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 2 table 36. available r x bw set t ing s . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 2 table 37. regi s ters summary . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . ..... . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 4 table 38. regi s ter map . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 7 table 39. low frequency addi t io n al regis t e rs . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 100 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 6 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) section page table 40. high frequency addi t io n al regis t ers .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 101 table 41. crys t al s pecifi c a t ion .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 108 table 42. li s ten mode with preambledetect condition se t tings . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 111 table 43. li s ten mode with preambl e detect condition re c om mended d io mapping . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 111 table 44. li s ten mode with sync a ddress condition se t tings . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 114 table 45. li s ten mode with preambl e dete ct condition re c ommended d io mapping . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 114 table 46. bea c on mode settings .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 116 table 47. revision his t ory . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 121 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 7 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) section page figure 1. block diagram .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . 9 figure 2. pin diagrams . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . 1 0 figure 3. rfm95/96/97/98(w) block schematic diagram .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. ..... . . .. . .... . . 2 0 figure 4. lo r atm modem conne c tivi t y . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . ... . . 2 3 figure 5. interrupts gen e rated in t he case of su c cess f ul f requen c y hopping c ommunication. .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . 28 figure 6. channel a c tivity de t e c tion (ca d ) t ime as a f unc t ion of s preading fac t or . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 3 9 figure 7. consumption profile of t he lo r a cad process .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 0 figure 8. o ok peak demodulator d e s cription . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 4 figure 9. floor thre s hold op timization . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 5 figure 10. bit s y n c hronizer descrip t ion . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 6 figure 11. f e i pro c e s s . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 4 7 figure 12. startup pro c ess . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 0 figure 13. time to r ssi s a mple ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 2 figure 14. tx to r x turna r ound ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 2 figure 15. rx to tx turnaround ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 2 figure 16. recei v er hoppi n g . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 3 figure 17. transmit t er hopping . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 3 figure 18. timer1 and timer2 me c hani s m . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 7 figure 19. sequencer state ma c hine . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 5 9 figure 20. rfm95/96/97/98(w) data pro c es s ing conceptual view . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. ..... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ... . . 6 0 figure 21. f i fo and shi f t r egister (s r ) ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 1 figure 22. fi f olevel irq source beha v ior . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 2 figure 23. sync w ord re c ognition .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 3 figure 24. continuous mode c onceptual view .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 5 figure 25. tx pro c es s ing in continuous mode . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 5 figure 26. rx processing in continuous mode .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . ..... . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 6 figure 27. pa c ket mode conceptual view . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 7 figure 28. fi x ed length p acket format . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 8 figure 29. variable leng t h p ac ket format . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 9 figure 30. unlimi t ed length p a cket format . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 6 9 figure 31. manches t er encod i ng/decoding . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 3 figure 32. data whitening p o l y nomial .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 4 figure 33. spi timing diagram (single acces s ) . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 5 figure 34. t c xo conne c tion . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 7 6 figure 35. rf front - end a rchitect u re s hows the in t ernal p a con f iguration. ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . 7 8 figure 36. temperature s ensor re s ponse .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . 8 3 figure 37. por timing diagram .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 108 figure 38. manual reset tim i ng diagram . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 109 figure 39. li s ten mode: pri n ciple . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 109 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 8 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) section page figure 40. li s ten mode w ith no preamble rec eived . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 110 figure 41. li s ten mode w ith preamble received ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 110 figure 42. wake on p r eambledetect state ma c hine . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 111 figure 43. li s ten mode w ith no s y n c address detected .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 112 figure 44. li s ten mode w ith p r eamble received and no s y n c address . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 112 figure 45. li s ten mode w ith p r eamble received & valid syncaddre s s . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 113 figure 46. wake on s y n c addre s s state machine . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 113 figure 47. beacon mode timing dia gram . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 115 figure 48. beacon mode state ma c hine ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 115 figure 49. example c r c code . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 117 figure 50. example tempera t u r e reading .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 118 figure 51. pa c kage o u t line drawing .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 119 figure 52. recommended land pat t ern ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . 120 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 9 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 1. general description t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) i n c o r p o r ate s t he lor a tm sp r ea d s p ectru m mo d e m whic h i s c a p a b l e of a c hi e vi n g s ig n ific an tly l on g e r range than e x isting sys t ems based on fsk or o o k modula t ion. w i t h t his new modul a tion s c heme s ensiti v ities 8 db better t h a n fsk c an be ac hi eve d wit h a low - c o st , low - t o le r ance , c r y s t a l referen c e. this in c rea s e i n li nk bu d ge t p r o vi d e s m u ch l o n g e r r a n ge a n d r o bustn e s s with o u t t h e n e e d f or ext e r n a l am p lificatio n . lor a tm al s o p r o vi d e s sig n ifica nt a d v a nce s in selectivity and blocking per f ormance, further improving c o mmunication rel iabilit y . for maximum fle x ibility the user may d ecid e o n th e s p r e a d s p ect r u m m od u latio n ba n dwi d t h (bw) , sp r ea d in g f a cto r (sf ) a nd e r r or co r r e cti on r a t e (cr) . an o t h e r b e n efi t o f th e sp r ea d m od u latio n i s tha t eac h spr e a d in g f a ct or i s o r t h og o n al - thu s multip le transmit t ed signals can o c cupy the s am e c h a n n e l wi t h ou t i n te r f e ri ng . t his al s o pe r m i t s s im p le c o exi s t e n c e w ith e x isti n g f sk b a s e d s ys t e m s. s t a nd a r d gfsk, fsk, ook, and gmsk mod u lation is also provided to allow com p atibility with existing sy s tems or s t an dards su c h as wireless mbus and ieee 802.15.4g. t h e rf m 97 o f fer s ba n dwi d t h o ptio ns r a ngi n g f r o m 7. 8 kh z t o 5 0 0 kh z wit h sp r ea d in g factor s r a ngi n g f r o m 6 t o 1 2 , a n d c o v e ri ng al l avai l abl e f r eq u e n c y b a nds . th e rf m 97 o f f e r s t he sam e b a n dwi d t h a n d f r eq u enc y ba nd o p ti o n s with s p re a di ng fact o r s f r o m 6 t o 9 . th e rf m 98 o f f e r s ba n dwi d t hs a n d sp r e a din g f a ct or o p ti o ns , b u t onl y cove rs th e lower uhf bands. 1.1. simplified block diagram fi g ure 1. block dia g ram t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 10 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 1.2 . prod u ct v ersions t h e fe a t u r es o f t he thr ee p r o d uc t va ri an t s a re d e t aile d i n t he f o llowin g t a bl e. t a ble 4 8 rfm95/96/97/98(w) device v a rian t s a nd key param e ters part number f r e q ue n c y r a n g e s p r ea d i ng f act or b an d w i d th effective bitrate est. sensi t ivity rf m 95 w / 96 w 137 - 1020 mhz 6 - 12 7.8 - 5 0 0 khz . 0 18 - 3 7 .5 k b p s - 11 1 to - 1 48 dbm rf m 97 w 137 - 1020 mhz 6 - 9 7 .8 - 5 0 0 khz 0 . 1 1 - 37.5 kb p s - 11 1 to - 1 39 dbm rf m 98 w 1 37 - 5 25 mhz 6 - 1 2 7.8 - 5 0 0 khz . 0 18 - 3 7 .5 k b p s - 11 1 to - 1 48 dbm 1.3. pin diagra m the following dia g r a m shows the pin arrangeme n t , top vie w . figure 2. pin di a grams t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 11 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 1.4. pin description number n a me t y p e d e sc r iption d e s c ri p ti o n s t an d a l o n e mo d e 1 gnd - gr o und 2 miso i spi d a t a o u t p ut 3 mosi o spi d a t a i n put 4 sck i spi c l ock i nput 5 nss i spi c h ip sel e ct in p u t 6 reset i/o res e t tr i gg e r i n put 7 dio5 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a re c o nfigur e d 8 gnd - gr o und 9 ant - rf signal output /i nput. 10 gnd - gr o und 11 dio3 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a re c o nfigur e d 12 dio4 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a re c o nfigur e d 13 3.3v - su p p ly vol t age 14 dio0 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a re c o nfigur e d 15 dio1 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a r e c o nfigur e d 16 dio2 i/o di g i t al i/o, so f t w a re c o nfigur e d t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 12 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 2. electrical characteristics 2.1. esd notice t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s a hig h p e r f o rm a nc e radio frequency device. it satisfies: ? clas s 2 o f th e jede c s t a n da rd jesd 2 2 - a 1 1 4 - b (h u ma n bo dy m od e l ) o n a l l pi ns. ? class iii of the je d ec s t andard j esd22 - c101c (charged devi c e model) on all pins it should thus be handl e d w i th all the necessary esd p r e c a u tions to avoid a n y p e r m anent damag e . 2.2. a b sol u te maximum ratings s tr e s s es a b o v e t he v a l u es list e d be low m a y c a u se p er m an e n t d e vic e fail u r e. exp o s u r e t o absol u te maxim um r ating s for extended periods may a f fect device reliabilit y . t a ble 4 9 absolute maximum rati n gs symbol des c ription m in max unit vdd m r sup p ly v o l t a g e - 0.5 3.9 v tmr t e mper a t ure - 55 + 1 1 5 c tj j un cti o n t e m p e r a t ure - + 125 c pmr r f inp u t l e v e l - + 1 0 dbm n o t e sp e cifi c r atin gs a ppl y t o + 20 db m o p e r atio n ( s ee secti on 5.4.3 ). 2.3. operating ran g e t a ble 5 0 op e rating r a nge symbol de s c ription min max unit vdd o p s u pply vol t age 1.8 3.7 v t o p oper a t i onal temp e r a t u re r a nge - 20 + 70 c c l op l oad ca p a ci t ance on d i gi t a l p o r t s - 25 pf ml r f i n put l e vel - + 1 0 dbm n o t e a s p ecifi c s u p p l y vol t a g e r an ge a p plie s t o + 20 db m o p e r atio n ( s ee secti on 5.4.3 ). t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 13 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 2.4. c h ip s pecification the t a bles bel o w give the electrical specifica t ions of t h e tra n sceiver under the followi n g conditi o n s: sup p ly vol t a g e vdd=3. 3 v , te m pe r atu re = 2 5 c , fxos c = 32 mhz, f rf = 1 6 9 / 434/868/915 m h z (see specific indicatio n ), pout = +13dbm, 2 - level fsk modulation with o ut pre - filtering, fda = 5 khz , bi t rat e = 4. 8 kb/ s a nd t e r m inate d i n a m a tc h e d 50 ohm imp e dance, shared rx a n d tx p a th matchin g ., unless o t h e r w ise spe c ified. 2 .4.1. power consu m ption t a ble 5 1 power cons u m ption specification symbol de s c ription conditions min t y p max unit iddsl su p p ly current in sleep mo d e - 0.2 1 ua iddidle su p p ly current in i d le mode rc oscil l ator e na b led - 1.5 - ua iddst su p p ly current in s t a n dby m o de crys t a l o scill a t o r e n abl e d - 1.6 1 . 8 ma iddfs supply current in synthesizer mode fsrx - 5.8 - ma iddr su p p ly current in rece i ve m o de ln a boost o f f, hi g her ba n ds ln a boost on, hig h er b an d s lo w er b an d s - - - 1 0. 8 1 1 .5 1 2. 1 - - - ma iddt su p p ly current in t ransmit mo d e w i th imp e da n ce m a tch i ng rfop = + 2 0 d bm, on p a_boost rfop = + 1 7 d bm, on p a_boost rf o p = + 1 3 db m , o n rf o_ l f /hf pin rfop = + 7 dbm, on rfo_lf/hf pin - - - - 1 2 0 87 29 20 - - - - ma ma ma ma 2 .4.2. fr e quency s y nthesis t a ble 5 2 frequ e ncy synt h esizer specification symbol de s c ription conditions min t y p max unit fr synth e s i zer fre q uency ran g e programmab l e 1 3 7 4 1 0 8 6 2 - - - 175 525 1 0 20 mhz f x osc crys t al oscil l ator freq u ency - 32 - mhz t s _ o sc crys t al oscil l ator w a ke - up time - 250 - us t s _ f s frequ e ncy sy n t h e sizer wake - up time to p l llock sig n al from s t a n dby mode - 60 - us t s _h o p frequ e ncy sy n t h e sizer hop time a t m o st 1 0 khz away from t h e t a r - g e t frequ e ncy 2 0 0 k h z step 1 m h z step 5 m h z step 7 m h z step 12 m h z step 20 m h z step 25 m h z step - - - - - - - 20 20 50 50 50 50 50 - - - - - - - us us us us us us us f s tep frequ e ncy sy n t h e sizer step fstep = fxosc/ 2 19 - 61.0 - hz t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 14 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet frc r c oscill a tor frequ e ncy a f ter calibration - 62.5 - khz brf bi t rat e , fsk programmab l e valu e s (1) 1.2 - 300 kb p s bro bi t rat e , o o k programmab l e 1.2 - 32.768 kb p s bra bit rate ac c u racy abs ( wanted br - a v ailable br) - - 250 ppm fda frequ e ncy devi a ti o n , fsk (1) programmab l e fda + brf/2 =< 250 khz 0.6 - 200 khz n o t e fo r maxim um b i t r a t e t he maxim um mo d ulatio n ind e x i s 0.5. 2 .4.3. fsk/ook mode rec e iver al l r e ceive r tes t s a re p e rfo r me d wit h rxb w = 1 0 kh z (s in gle si de ban d wi d th ) as p r o g r a mme d i n reg r xb w , rece iving a pn1 5 se q ue n ce . se n sitiviti es a re re p o r t ed f or a 0 . 1% be r ( wit h bi t sync h ro n ize r e n abl e d ), unless otherwise spe c ified. blo c king t e s t s a re pe rf or m e d with a n u n mo d u l a ted i n t e r f e r e r . th e w a n t ed s ig n al p o w e r f o r t h e blo c king i m mu ni t y , a cr, iip2, iip3 an d amr tes t s is set 3 db above the receiver s ensiti v ity level. t a ble 5 3 fsk/ook r e ceiver sp e c ifica t ion symbol d esc r i p ti o n c o n d it io ns min t y p m a x unit rfs_f_lf d irect tie of rfi and rfo pi n s, s h ared rx, tx p a ths fsk s e nsitiv - i t y , h ig h est ln a g a in. l o wer fr e qu e ncy b an d s fda = 5 khz, br = 1.2 kb/s fda = 5 khz, br = 4.8 kb/s fda = 40 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s* fda = 20 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s** fda = 62.5 khz, br = 250 kb/s*** - - - - - - 121 - 1 17 - 107 - 108 - 9 5 - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm s p lit rf p a ths, the rf switch i n sertion l o ss is n o t accou n t e d f o r . l o wer fr e qu e ncy b an d s fda = 5 khz, br = 1.2 kb/s fda = 5 khz, br = 4.8 kb/s fda = 40 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s* fda = 20 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s** fda = 62.5 khz, br = 250 kb/s*** - - - - - - 123 - 1 1 9 - 109 - 1 10 - 9 7 - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm rfs_f_hf d irect tie of rfi and rfo pi n s, s h ared rx, tx p a ths fsk s e nsitiv - i t y , h ig h est lna g a in. h igh e r freq u ency ban d s fda = 5 khz, br = 1.2 kb/s fda = 5 khz, br = 4.8 kb/s fda = 40 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s* fda = 20 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s** fda = 62.5 khz, br = 250 kb/s*** - - - - - - 1 19 - 1 15 - 105 - 105 - 9 2 - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm s p l it rf p a t h s, lnab o o st is tur n ed o n , the rf s w itch i n sertion l o ss is n o t a c c o unted fo r . h igh e r freq u ency ban d s fda = 5 khz, br = 1.2 kb/s fda = 5 khz, br = 4.8 kb/s fda = 40 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s* fda = 20 khz, br = 3 8 .4 k b /s** fda = 62.5 khz, br = 250 kb/s*** - - - - - - 123 - 1 19 - 109 - 109 - 9 6 - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm rfs_o ook se n s i t i v i t y , h ig h est l n a g a in s h ared rx, tx p a ths b r = 4 . 8 k b /s b r = 3 2 kb/s - - - 1 17 - 108 - - dbm dbm ccr c o - cha n nel r e jection - - 9 - db t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 15 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet acr a d jace n t ch a nn e l r e jection fda = 5 khz, br=4.8kb/s o f fset = +/ - 25 khz o r + / - 50khz 16 9 m h z ba n d 4 3 4 m h z ba n d 8 - 9 0 0 m h z ba n d - - - 59 56 50 - - - db db db bi_hf b l ocking imm u nit y , hi g her ba n ds o f fs e t = + / - 1 mhz o f fs e t = + / - 2 mhz o f fs e t = + / - 1 0 mhz - - - 71 76 84 - - - db db db bi_lf b l ocking imm u nit y , lo w e r b an d s o f fs e t = + / - 1 mhz o f fs e t = + / - 2 mhz o f fs e t = + / - 1 0 mhz - - - 71 72 78 - - - db db db i i p2 2 nd ord e r inp u t intercept p o int u n wa n t e d to n e s are 20 mhz a bove the lo hig h e st lna g a in - + 5 5 - dbm i i p3_hf 3 rd order i n put i n terc e p t p o int u n wa n t e d to n e s are 1mhz a nd 1 . 9 95 mhz a bove the lo hig h e r b an d s hig h e st lna g a in g1 lna gain g2, 4 d b s e nsitivity h it - - - 12.5 - 8.5 - - dbm dbm iip 3 _lf 3 rd order i n put i n terc e p t p o int u n wa n t e d to n e s are 1mhz a nd 1 . 9 95 mhz a bove the lo low e r b a nds hig h e st lna g a in g1 l na ga in g 2 , 2 . 5 d b s e n sitivity hit - - - 2 2 - 1 6 - - dbm dbm bw_ssb s i ngle s i de cha n nel filter bw p rogrammable 2.7 - 2 5 0 khz imr image r e jection w a nted sig n al 3db over sens i t iv i t y be r = 0.1% - 48 - db ima image attenu a t i on - 57 - db dr _ rssi r ssi dynamic ra n g e a gc enabled min m a x - - - 127 0 - - dbm dbm * r xb w = 8 3 kh z (s in gle sid e ba n dwi d t h) * * rxb w = 5 0 kh z (s in gle sid e ba n dwi d t h) * ** r xb w = 2 50 kh z (si n gl e sid e b a ndwi d th) 2 .4.4. fsk/ook mode t r a n smitte r t a ble 5 4 t r a nsmitter s p ec i fic a tion symbol d e sc r i p ti o n c o n d it i o n s min t y p max unit rf_op rf o u tp u t p o wer in 50 o h ms on rfo pin (hi g h e f ficie n cy p a). progr a m ma b le with st e p s max min + 1 1 - + 1 4 - 1 - - dbm dbm rf_ o p _v rf o u tp u t p o wer s t a b il ity on rfo pin versus vol t age s u ppl y . vdd = 2.5 v to 3.3 v vdd = 1.8 v to 3.7 v - - 3 8 - - db db rf_oph rf o u tp u t p o wer in 50 o h ms, on p a_b o ost p in (re gu la t ed p a). progr a m ma b le with 1db ste p s max m i n - - + 1 7 +2 - - dbm dbm t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 16 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) rf_op h _ max m a x rf output pow e r , on p a _ b o ost p in hi g h pow e r mo d e - + 2 0 - dbm rf_ o p h_v rf o u tp u t p o wer s t a b ility on p a _ - boost pin versus vol t a g e s u ppl y . vdd = 2.4 v to 3.7 v - +/ - 1 - db rf _ t rf o u tp u t p o wer s t a b ility v e rsus f r om t = - 40 c to + 8 5 c - +/ - 1 - db phn t r a n smit t e r p h a s e n o ise 1 6 9 mhz b a nd 10khz o f fset 50khz o f fset 400khz o f fset 1mhz o f f set - - - - - 1 18 - 1 18 - 128 - 132 - - - - dbc/ hz 4 3 3 mhz b a nd 10khz o f fset 50khz o f fset 400khz o f fset 1mhz o f f set - - - - - 109 - 109 - 121 - 128 - - - - dbc/ hz 8 6 8/915 mhz band 10khz o f fset 50khz o f fset 400khz o f fset 1mhz o f f set - - - - - 103 - 103 - 1 15 - 122 - - - - dbc/ hz acp t r a n smitt e r a d jace n t cha n nel pow e r (meas u r e d at 2 5 k h z o f fset) bt = 1 . m e asureme n t con d itions as d e f i ned by en 300 2 2 0 - 1 v2.3.1 - - - 37 dbm t s _ t r t r a nsmi t t e r w a k e u p tim e , t o t h e f i rst r i sing e d ge of d clk f r e qu e ncy synth e sizer ena b led, par - amp = 1 0 us, br = 4.8 kb/s - 1 2 0 - us t e m p erature on p a_boost p i n. 2 .4.5. el e ctrical s p ecific a tion for lo r a tm m odulation t h e t a bl e b el ow gi v es th e electrica l sp e cifi c atio ns fo r t he tr a nsc ei ve r o pe r atin g wit h lo r a tm modulation. following conditio n s apply unless otherwise sp ecifie d : ? s u pp l y vol t a ge = 3 . 3 v . ? t e mp e rat u r e = 25 c. ? f x o sc = 32 mhz. ? l owe r ba n ds : 1 6 9 mh z a n d 4 3 3 mhz , hi g h er b a nds : 8 6 8 a n d 9 15 mhz ? b a n d wi d th (b w ) = 1 25 k h z. ? s p r e adi n g facto r (s f ) = 12. ? error corre c tion code ( e c) = 4/6. ? packet error rate (per)= 1% ? crc on p ayload enabled. ? outp ut p o we r = 1 3 db m in transmission. ? paylo a d length = 64 bytes. ? p r e a mbl e l en g t h = 1 2 sym b ol s ( p r o g ra m me d r e gi ste r pre a mbl e l e ngth=8 ) ? wit h m a tch ed imp e d a nces t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 17 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 5 5 lora receiver specificati o n. symbol de s c ription co n di t io n s min. t y p max unit i d dr_l su p p ly current i n receiver lo r a tm mod e , l n aboost o f f lo w er b a nds, l o wer bw l o wer bands, bw = 125 khz l o wer bands, bw = 250 khz l o wer bands, bw = 500 khz - - - - tbc 1 1 .5 1 2 .4 1 3 .8 - - - - ma ma ma ma hig h e r b a nds, l o wer bw hi g her bands, bw = 125 khz hi g her bands, bw = 250 khz hi g her bands, bw = 500 khz - - - - tbc 1 0 .3 1 1 .1 1 2 .6 - - - - ma ma ma ma i d dt _ l su p p ly current i n tra n sm i t ter mode r f o p = 1 3 dbm r f op = 7 dbm - - 28 20 - - ma ma i d dt _ h _l su p p ly current i n tra n sm i t ter mode with an e x ter n al impe d ance transformation u s i ng p a_boost p i n r f o p = 1 7 dbm - 9 0 - ma bi_l bl o c k i ng immunit y , frf = 868 mhz cw i nt er f e r er o f fset = +/ - 1 mhz o f fset = +/ - 2 mhz o f fse t = + / - 1 0 m h z - tbc tbc tbc db db db iip 3 _l _ hf 3 rd o rder i n put interce p t p o int u n wa n t ed ton e s are 1mhz a nd 1. 9 95 mhz above the lo hig h e r b an d s hig h e st l n a g a in g1 lna ga i n g2, 4db sensitivity hit - - - 12.5 - 8.5 - - dbm dbm iip 3 _l _ lf 3 rd o rder i n put interce p t p o int u n wa n t ed ton e s are 1mhz a nd 1. 9 95 mhz above the lo low e r b ands hig h e st l n a g a in g1 lna ga i n g2, 2.5db sensitivity hit - - - 22 - 16 - - dbm dbm i i p2 _ l 2 n d order in p u t i n t e rc e p t p o int, h i ghest lna gai n , frf = 868 mhz, cw i nt er f e r e r . f1 = f r f + 2 0 mhz f2 = f r f + 2 0 mh z + f - +5 5 - d bm br_l bit r a t e , lo n g - ra n ge mode from sf6, b w = 5 00khz to sf12, bw=7.8khz 0 . 0 1 8 - 3 7 . 5 k b p s r f s _ l10 rf s e nsitivit y , lo n g - ra n ge mode, h i ghest lna gai n , lna b o ost for h i gher b a nds, u sing spl i t rx/tx p a th 1 0 .4 khz ba n dwi d th sf = 6 sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - - tbc - 134 tbc tbc tbc tbc tbc - - - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm r f s _ l62 rf s e nsitivit y , lo n g - ra n ge mode, h i ghest lna gai n , lna b o ost for h i gher b a nds, u sing spl i t rx/tx p a th 6 2 .5 khz b a n dwi d th sf = 6 sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - - - 121 - 126 - 129 - 132 - 135 - 137 - 139 - - - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm t a b le 56. electrical spec i f ic a t i ons: lo r a tm mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 18 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet symbol de s c ription co n di t io n s min. t y p max unit r f s _ l1 2 5 rf s e nsitivit y , lo n g - ra n ge mode, h i ghest lna gai n , lna b o ost for h i gher b a nds, u sing spl i t rx/tx p a th 1 2 5 k h z b a ndw i d th sf = 6 sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - - - 1 18 - 123 - 126 - 129 - 132 - 133 - 136 - - - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm r f s _ l2 5 0 rf s e nsitivit y , lo n g - ra n ge mode, h i ghest lna gai n , lna b o ost for h i gher b a nds, u sing spl i t rx/tx p a th 2 5 0 k h z b a ndw i d th sf = 6 sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - - - 1 15 - 120 - 123 - 125 - 128 - 130 - 133 - - - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm r f s _ l5 0 0 rf s e nsitivit y , lo n g - ra n ge mode, h i ghest lna gai n , lna b o ost for h i gher b a nds, u sing spl i t rx/tx p a th 5 0 0 k h z b a ndw i d th sf = 6 sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - - - 111 - 1 16 - 1 19 - 122 - 125 tbc tbc - - - - - - - dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm dbm ccr _ lcw c o - c h ann e l r e jection si n g le cw tone = s e ns +6 db 1% per sf = 7 sf = 8 sf = 9 sf = 10 sf = 1 1 sf = 12 - - - - - - 5 9.5 12 1 4 .4 17 1 9 .5 - - - - - - db db db db db db ccr _ ll c o - c h ann e l r e jection interferer is a lor a tm sig n al u sing same bw and s a me s f . pw = sensitivity + 3 db - 6 db acr_ l cw ad j a cent c h an n el rej e cti o n interferer is 1. 5 *bw _ l from t h e w anted sig n al center fr e que n cy 1 % per, sing l e cw tone = s e ns + 3 d b sf = 7 sf = 12 - - 60 72 - - db db imr _ lcw im a ge rej e cti o n a f ter cal i bratio n . 1 % per, sing l e cw tone = s e ns +3 db - 6 6 - d b fer r _l maximum tolerated freq u ency o f fs e t b e tw e en tra n smitter a n d rece i ve r , n o se n s i t i v i t y de g rad a ti o n , sf6 t h ru 9 b w _l = 1 0 .4 khz b w _l = 6 2 .5 khz b w _ l = 1 2 5 k h z b w _ l = 2 5 0 k h z b w _ l = 5 0 0 k h z - 2.5 - 1 5 - 3 0 - 6 0 - 120 - - - - - 2.5 15 30 60 120 khz khz khz khz khz maximum tolerated freq u ency o f fs e t b e tw e en tra n smitter a n d rece i ve r , n o se n s i t i v i t y de g rad a ti o n , sf10 thru 1 1 sf = 12 sf = 1 1 sf = 10 - 5 0 - 100 - 200 - - - 50 100 200 p p m p p m p p m t a b le 56. electrical spec i f ic a t i ons: lo r a tm mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 19 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 2 .4.6. di g i t al s pe c ification conditio n s: t e mp = 25 c, vdd = 3.3 v , f xos c = 3 2 m hz , unl e s s oth e rwis e s p ecified. t a ble 5 7 digi t al s p ecification symbol d esc r i p ti o n c o n d it i o ns min t y p m a x unit v ih di g i t a l inp u t l e v e l high 0.8 - - vdd v il di g i t a l inp u t l e v e l low - - 0.2 vdd v oh di g i t a l output level h igh i m ax = 1 ma 0.9 - - vdd v ol di g i t a l output level l o w i m ax = - 1 ma - - 0.1 vdd f sck sck fre q ue n cy - - 10 mhz t ch sck high time 50 - - ns t cl sck low time 50 - - ns t r is e sck r i se time - 5 - ns t fall sck fall ti m e - 5 - ns t setup mosi s e t u p time fr o m mosi c h an g e to sck rising ed g e. 30 - - ns t hold mosi hold time fr o m sck r i sing e d ge to mosi cha n ge. 20 - - ns t nsetup ns s s e t u p t i me fr o m nss f a lli n g edge to sck r i sing ed g e. 30 - - ns t nhold nss hold time fr o m sck f a lli n g ed ge to nss r i sing ed g e, n o rmal mode. 100 - - ns t nhigh nss high time b e tw e en spi accesses 20 - - ns t _ d at a d a t a hold and setup time 250 - - ns t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 20 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) 3. rfm95/96/97/98(w) features t h is section gives a hig h - le v el o v e r view of the fun c tionality of the rfm95 /96/97/98(w) low - p o we r , hig h ly integ r a t ed transceive r . the following figure shows a sim p lif ie d b l oc k di a g r a m o f t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) . f igure 3. rfm95/96/97/98(w) block sc h ema t ic diagram rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s a h alf - d upl e x, low - i f t r ansceive r . h e r e t he r e ceived rf sign a l is first amplified by the l n a. the lna i n p u t s a re s i ngl e e nd ed t o mi nimis e th e exte r na l bo m a nd f or e a s e of d e s i gn . foll o wi ng t he ln a i n pu t s , th e co nv ersi on to di f f e r e ntia l i s m a d e t o im p rov e th e sec o n d o r d er lin e a ri t y an d ha r mo nic r ej e ctio n. t he s i gn al i s t h e n d own - c o nve r t ed t o in - p h a s e an d qu a d r atu re ( i&q ) com p on e n t s a t t he i n t e rm e di a t e f r e q ue n cy ( i f) by the mixer s t age. a p a ir of sigma d e l t a adcs then perform da t a conversio n , with all s ubs e qu e n t sig n a l p r o c e ssin g a n d de m od u la tion performed in the digi t al d o main. the digi t a l s t ate machi n e also controls the a u tomatic frequency c o r r e c tion (a f c ) , r e c e iv e d s i gnal stren g th indicat o r (rssi) a n d a u t om a t ic ga in c o n t r o l ( ag c ). it al s o f e a t u r es t h e h ig he r - l e v e l p a c k e t an d p r o t o c ol lev e l fu n c t io na li t y of t h e t o p l e vel s e qu e nce r ( t l s ). the frequen c y s y nthesisers generate the lo c al oscill a tor (lo) frequen c y for both recei v er and transmitte r , one c o v ering the l o we r uh f b a nd s ( u p t o 5 2 5 mhz) , a nd t he o t h e r o ne c o v e ri ng th e u p p er uh f b a n d s (f r o m 8 6 0 mhz) . t h e pll s a r e o p ti m iz e d f or u s e r - t r a n s p a r e nt low lock ti m e an d f a s t a u t o - c al i b rat i ng operation. in transmissio n , fre q uency mod u lation is p e r f o r m e d di gi t a ll y withi n th e p ll b an d wi d th . t he p ll als o f e a t u r e s o p ti o n al p r e - filte r in g o f t h e bit s tr ea m t o i m p r o v e spectral purit y . rfm95/96/97/98(w) f e atu re t h r ee distinc t r f p o we r a mplifie rs. t w o of th os e , c o nn e cte d t o rfo_ lf an d r f o_h f , ca n delive r up t o + 14 dbm , a re u n r eg u late d f or hi g h p owe r e f fici e nc y a n d c an b e c o nn e ct ed di r ectl y t o th eir r e spe c tive r f receiver inpu t s vi a a p a i r o f p a ssiv e com p o n en t s t o f o r m a si n gl e a nten na p o r t hig h e f ficie n c y tr a nsc ei ve r . t he thir d p a, co n necte d t o the p a _boos t pin a nd c an d e liv er u p t o +2 0 dbm v ia a d e di c a t ed ma tc h ing ne tw o rk. u n li k e the high e f ficie n cy p as, th i s h ig h - s t ability p a covers all fr e quency bands that the frequency synt h e s izer addres s e s . rfm95/96/97/98(w) al s o i n clude two timing referen c e s , an rc oscillator and a 32 m h z c ry s t al os c illato r . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 21 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) all ma jor p a r a m e t e rs of t he rf fr on t e n d an d d igi t a l s t a t e ma c h ine a r e f u lly c on fi g u r a b le v ia a n spi i n t e r f a c e w h ich giv e s access to rfm95/96/97/98(w) ? s con f iguration r e gisters. t h is incl u d e s a m o d e a ut o se q u e nce r t h a t ove r s e e s th e tr a nsitio n a n d c a lib r atio n o f t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) b e twe en inte r me d iat e modes of operation in the fastest time possible. t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) a r e e q ui p pe d wit h b ot h s t a nd a r d fs k a n d lo ng r a n g e s p r e a d spectr um ( lor a tm ) mo d ems . de p en d ing u p on th e mo de sel e ct ed ei t h e r c o nve n ti o na l oo k o r fs k mo d ul a ti on m ay b e em pl oye d o r t he lora tm s p r e a d s p ect r um m od e m. 3.1. lora tm modem t h e lor a tm mo d e m use s a pr o p ri e t a r y sp r e ad s p ectru m m od u latio n tech ni qu e. t h i s m o dul a ti o n , i n co nt ras t t o le g acy m od u latio n tech ni qu e s , p e r mi t s a n inc r eas e i n li nk bu d g et a n d increased immunity to in - band interfer ence. at the same time the frequency toleran c e requirement of the cr y s t al reference oscillator is relaxed - allo w ing a performance increase for a reduction in system cost. for a fuller description of the d e si gn tr a d e - o f f s a nd o pe r atio n o f th e rfm95/96/97/9 8(w) pl e a se consult section 4.1 of the da t a s h e e t . 3.2. fsk/ook modem i n fsk/oo k m o d e th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) sup p o r t s s t a n da rd mo d ul a ti on t e c h ni q ue s inclu d in g ook, fsk, gfsk, msk and gmsk. the rfm95/96/97/98(w) is especi a lly s uite d t o na r r ow b a n d com m unic a ti on t h ank s th e l o w - i f a rchit e ctu re em pl oyed a n d t he b u ilt - in af c functio n alit y . f o r f u l l info r matio n o n th e fsk/oo k m o de m pl e a s e c o nsul t sectio n 4 . 2 o f t h i s d ocum e nt. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 22 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4. rfm95/96/97/98(w) digi t al electronics 4.1. the lora t m modem t h e lora tm m od em use s sp r ea d s p ectr um mo d ulati on a nd fo r w a r d e r r o r c o r r e cti o n t e ch n i q u e s t o i n c r e a se t h e r a n g e a n d r o b u stness of radio communication links com p a r ed to tradi tio n a l fs k or oo k b a s ed m od u latio n . exam pl e s o f the p e r f o r m an c e im p rov e me nt possibl e , f or seve r a l p ossibl e setti n gs , a re s u mm a rise d i n th e t a ble b el o w . h e r e th e sp r ea d ing f a cto r an d e r r or co r rectio n r at e a r e d esig n v a ri a ble s tha t all o w th e desi g ne r t o optimis e th e t r a d e - o f f b e tw e e n o ccu pi ed b a n dwi d t h, d a t a r a t e, li n k b u dg et im p r o v e me nt a n d im m unit y t o i n t e rfe r e n c e. t a ble 5 8 example l o r a tm mod e m perf o rmances bandwi d th (khz) s pr e a d i n g f a ctor c o d i ng rate n o mi n a l rb ( b p s ) se n s i tivity i n d i c a t ion (dbm) fre q u en c y r e f e rence 10.4 6 4/5 782 tbc tcxo 12 4/5 24 tbc 20.8 6 4/5 1 5 62 tbc 12 4/5 49 tbc 62.5 6 4/5 4 6 88 - 1 21 x t al 12 4/5 146 - 1 39 125 6 4/5 9 3 80 - 1 18 12 4/5 293 - 1 36 f o r eur o p e a n o pe r atio n th e r a n g e of c r ys t al t o le r ance s a cce p t a b l e fo r eac h s u b - b a nd ( o f t he er c 7 0 - 0 3) i s give n i n the spe cificati o ns t a ble. for us based operation a fre q ue n cy hoppi n g mode is avail a ble t h a t aut o mate s b o t h th e lor a tm spread s p ect r u m a n d fr e qu e nc y h op p in g sp r e ad s p ectru m p r o c e ss e s. another imp o r t ant facet of the l o ra t m modem is i t s increased imm u ni t y t o i n t e r fe r e n c e. th e l o ra t m m o d em i s c a p a bl e of co - channel gmsk rejection of up to 25 db. t h is immunity to i n t e r f e r e n ce p e r m i t s t h e si mp le c o e x ist en ce o f lora tm m od u late d syste ms eith er i n b a n d s of he a v y s p ectra l usa ge o r i n hyb r i d c o mm u n i cation netwo r ks that use lor a tm t o ext e nd r a n g e w h en l e g a cy m o du lati o n s c h em es f a il. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 23 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .1.1. link desi g n using the l o r a tm modem 4.1.1.1. ove r view t h e lor a tm m o de m i s s e t up a s s h ow n i n t he followi n g fi g u r e . t h i s co n fi g u r atio n p e r mi t s th e sim p l e r e place m en t o f t he fsk m od em wit h th e lor a tm m od em vi a t he co nf igu r atio n r e giste r setti ng r e g o p mo d e . thi s c h an ge ca n b e p e rfo r m ed on the fly ( in s le e p o p e r a t ing m o de ) t h u s pe r mittin g th e us e o f b o t h s t a n d ar d fs k o r oo k i n co nj unctio n wit h th e lon g ra n g e ca p abilit y . the lora t m mo d ulatio n a nd d e mo d ulati on p r oces s i s p r o p ri e t a r y , i t u s es a f o r m o f s p r e a d sp ec t r u m m od u lation c o mbi n e d wit h cycli c e r r or co r r e ctio n c o di n g . th e c o mbi n e d i n fl uen c e o f t h e se t w o f ac t o r s is an in c r e a s e in li n k b u dg et a n d e n h an c e d i mmu ni t y to i n t e r f e r e n c e . fi g ure 4. lor a tm mo d em con n ectivity a sim p lified outli n e of the tra n smit and r e ceive process e s is a lso s h o wn a b o v e. h e r e we s e e t ha t t h e lor a tm m od em h a s an i n d e pe n d e n t d ua l p o rt d a t a b u f f e r fif o t ha t is a c ce s s e d t h r o u g h an spi i n t e rf ac e comm on t o al l m o des . u p o n sel e ctio n of l o ra t m m od e, th e co nf igu r atio n r e gi ste r ma p pi ng o f t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) c h an g es . f o r ful l d e t ail s o f t h i s cha n g e pl e a se consult the register description of section 6 . so that it is possible to o p timise the l o ra t m m od u latio n f or a gi v en a p plicatio n , a cces s i s gi v en t o th e d esig n e r t o th r e e c r itic al d e s i g n p a r a mete rs. eac h on e p e r mitti ng a t r ad e o f f b etwee n li nk b u dg e t , immu ni t y t o i n t e rfe r e n c e, spectr al oc c u p a nc y a n d n o min al da t a r ate . th e s e p a r a m ete rs a r e sp r ea d in g facto r , m od u latio n b an d wi d th a nd e r r or codi n g r a t e. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 24 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.1.1.2. spr e a d ing factor t h e s p r e a d s p ectr um lor a tm m o d u latio n i s pe r fo r me d b y r ep r ese n tin g eac h bi t of p a y load information by multiple c h i p s of information. the r a te at which the spread infor m ation is sent is referred to as the s ymbol r a te ( r s), t h e r a ti o b e twe en t h e n omi n a l sy m bo l r a t e an d chi p r at e i s th e sp r e a di ng f a cto r an d r e p r e s e n t s t h e n um b e r of s y m bo ls s e n t pe r bit of i n f o r ma tio n . t h e r an ge o f v a lu es accessibl e wit h t he lor a tm m od em a re s h ow n i n th e foll o w i n g t a bl e. t a ble 5 9 r a nge of spreading factors spr e a d i n g f act or (regmodulationcfg) s preading factor (c h i p s / symb o l) lora demodul a tor snr 6 64 - 5 db 7 1 2 8 - 7.5 db 8 2 5 6 - 10 db 9 5 1 2 - 1 2 . 5 db 10 10 2 4 - 15 db 11 20 4 8 - 1 7 . 5 db 12 40 9 6 - 20 db n o t e th at th e sp r ea d in g facto r , s p r e a d i n g fa ct o r , m ust b e k n o w n in a d v a n c e on bo th t r a n s m it a n d r e c e ive si de s o f t h e li n k as di f f e r e n t s p r e adi n g facto rs a r e o r t h og o n al t o eac h ot he r . n o t e als o th e r e s u ltin g sig n a l t o n ois e r ati o (s nr ) re q ui r e d at the receiver input. it is the c ap ability to receive signals with negati v e snr t h at in c rea s es the sensi t ivit y , s o link budget a n d r a n g e, o f t he l o r a r eceive r . s p r ea d in g f ac t o r 6 s f = 6 i s a sp e ci a l use c a s e f or th e hi g h e s t da t a r a t e t r ansmissio n p ossi b l e wit h t he lor a m o d e m . t o thi s en d s e v e r al se t ti n gs m u s t b e a c tiv a t e d in t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) r e giste r s when it is in use: ? se t sp r ea d in g facto r = 6 in r e gm o d e mconfig2 ? t he h e ad er m u s t b e se t t o im p lici t mo de ? w rite bi t s 2 - 0 of register address 0 x 31 to value "0b 1 0 1 " ? w r it e r e gi ste r ad d r e s s 0x3 7 t o val ue 0x0c 4.1.1.3. coding rate t o fu r t h e r i m pr ove t he r o bustnes s of th e li nk th e lor a tm mo d e m e m p l o ys cy c lic e r r or c o d ing t o p e r f o r m f o r w a r d e r r o r d etectio n a nd co r r e ctio n. suc h e r r o r co di n g incu rs a tr a nsmissio n ove r he ad - th e r esul t a nt a d dition a l d a t a ove r he ad p e r transmission is shown in the t able belo w . t a ble 6 0 cyclic c o ding overhead c o d i n g rate (re g t x cfg 1 ) c yc lic c o d i ng rate o v erhead ratio 1 4/5 1.25 2 4/6 1 . 5 3 4/7 1.75 4 4/8 2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 25 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet for w ard error corre c tion is p a rticularly e f ficient in improving the reliability of the link in the presence of interference. so that t he c o di ng r a t e ( a nd s o r o bustn e s s t o inte r f e r e nce ) ca n b e ch a ng ed i n r esp o ns e t o c h an n e l con d ition s - th e co di n g r at e can o p tionally be includ e d in the p a cket header for u s e by the receive r . ple a se consult section 4 . 1 . 1 . 6 fo r m or e i n f o r m atio n on the lor a tm p a cke t an d he a de r . 4.1.1.4. s ignal ban d wi d th a n i n c r e a s e i n sign a l b an d wi d t h p e rmi t s t he use of a hig h e r e f fecti v e da t a rate, thus redu c ing transmission time at the ex pe n s e o f r e duce d s e nsitivit y imp r ovem e nt . t he re a r e of co u rs e r e g ulato ry c o nst r ai n t s i n mos t c o unt ri e s o n the p e r missi ble o ccu pi e d ba n dwi d t h. co n t r a ry t o t he fs k m o de m w h ic h i s descri b e d i n t e r ms of th e si n gl e si d eb a nd b a n d wi d th, t h e lor a tm mo d e m b a n dwi d t h r e f e r s t o th e do u bl e s i de b an d b a ndwi d t h ( o r t o t a l ch a n n e l b a n d wi d t h ). t h e ra n g e of bandwi d ths relevant to mos t r e g u latory situa t ions is given in the lor a tm mod e m specifications t a ble (se e s e ctio n 2.4.5). bandwi d th (khz) s pr e ad ing f a ctor c o d i ng ra t e nomin a l rb (b p s ) 7 . 8 12 4 / 5 18 10.4 12 4 / 5 24 15.6 12 4 / 5 37 20.8 12 4 / 5 49 31.2 12 4 / 5 73 41.7 12 4 / 5 98 62.5 12 4 / 5 1 4 6 1 2 5 12 4 / 5 2 9 3 2 5 0 12 4 / 5 5 8 6 5 0 0 12 4 / 5 1 172 n o t e i n t he lowe r ba nd ( 1 6 9 mhz) , t he 2 50 kh z a n d 5 0 0 kh z b a ndwi d th s a re n ot sup p o r t e d. 4.1.1.5. lora tm t ransmission param e ter rel a tionship wit h a kn o wl e dg e of th e ke y p a r am e t e r s t h a t c a n be c on tr o ll e d b y t h e us e r we d e f ine t h e lor a tm symbol r a te as: r s = ---- - w - - - 2 s f w h er e b w i s t he p r og r a m me d b a n dwi d t h a n d s f i s t he spr e a d in g facto r . t he tr a nsmitt ed s i gnal is a con s t ant envel o p e signal. equiva l entl y , o n e chip is sen t pe r s e c o n d p e r h z of b an d wi d t h. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 26 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 . 1 . 1 . 6 . lor a tm pac k e t structure t h e lora tm modem employs two typ e s of p acket for m at, e x plicit a n d im p licit . th e ex plici t p acke t inclu d e s a s h o rt h ea d er t h a t con t ai n s i n f o rm a ti on ab o u t th e n u m ber of byt e s , c o din g r at e a n d w h eth er a cr c i s use d i n t he p acket . th e p acket format is shown in the following figure. t h e lor a tm p a cket compri s es three elemen t s: ? a p r e a mbl e. ? a n o ptio n a l he a d e r . ? t h e d a t a p aylo a d. p r eamble figure 5 . lor a tm p a ck e t s t ruct u re t h e p re a mbl e i s use d t o synch r oniz e r eceive r wit h th e i n c o m i n g d a t a flo w . b y d e f a ul t t he p a ck et i s co n f i gu r e d wit h a 12 sym b o l l o n g seq u enc e. thi s i s a p ro g r a mm a bl e v a ri a bl e s o th e p r e am b l e l e ngt h m ay b e exten d ed , f or exam ple i n the interest of reduci n g to r e ceiver duty cycle in r e ceive intensive applications. howeve r , the minimum length su f f ices for all communication. the tra n smitted p r e a mble leng t h m a y b e c h a n ge d b y setti ng th e r e giste r p r e a mbl e l e ngt h from 6 to 65535, yi el din g to t al p r e am b l e l e n g t hs o f 6+ 4 t o 6 5 5 3 5+ 4 sym b ols , o n c e th e fixe d ove r h e a d o f t he pr e am b l e d a t a i s c o nsid e r e d . t hi s p e r mi t s t he t r a n s m issio n of a n ea r a r bitr a ril y l on g p r e am b l e s e q u ence. t h e r eceive r u nd e r t a k es a p r e a mbl e d etecti on p r oces s th at p e rio d icall y r es t a r t s. fo r t h i s r e aso n th e p re a mbl e l e n g th s h oul d be confi g ur ed id e ntica l t o t he t r a n s m itte r p r ea m bl e le n gth . w h e re th e p r e a mbl e len g t h i s n ot kn o w n, or ca n va r y , the m axi mu m p r e am b l e le n gt h s h o u l d b e p r o g r a mme d o n th e r eceive r si d e . header d e pe n din g u p on t he c h ose n m o d e o f op e r a ti on tw o ty p e s of h e a d e r a re avail a bl e. th e h ea d e r typ e i s sel e ct ed b y the im p licthe a de r m o d e bit found within the r e gsymb t ime o utmsb registe r . e x pli c i t h e ad er mode t h is i s the default mode of o p e r a t ion. here the h ea d e r p r o vi d e s info r matio n on t he p ayloa d , n am e ly: ? t he p ayloa d len g t h i n byt e s. ? t he f o r w a r d e r r o r c o r r e c tion c o d e r a te ? t he p r ese n c e of an opti o na l 1 6 - b i t s cr c fo r th e p ayl o ad. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 27 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) ? ? payl o a - - d ? ? ? ? ? ? wire less & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t h e h ea d e r i s t r a n s m itte d wit h m a xi m u m e r r or co r r e ctio n c o d e ( 4 /8). it also h a s i t s own crc to all o w the r e ceiver to dis c a r d in v alid h e ad e r s. i mplicit header mode in cer t ain scenario s , where the p a yload, coding r a t e and cr c pr es enc e a re fix ed o r k n ow n i n a d v a nce , i t ma y be a dva n t ag e o us t o r ed u c e t r a n smissio n tim e b y i n vokin g im p lici t h e a d e r m od e. i n thi s mo de t he h e a d e r i s r e move d f r o m the p a cket . i n thi s cas e th e p aylo ad le n gth , er r o r c o di ng r a t e a n d p r e s e nc e o f th e p aylo ad cr c mus t b e m a nu a ll y co nf igu r ed on b o t h sid e s of t h e r a dio li n k. n o t e w i t h s f = 6 sel e cte d, im p lici t h e a d e r m o d e i s t he o n l y m o d e o f o p er a t i o n p o ssi b le. payload t h e p a cke t p aylo ad i s a va ri a b le - l e n g t h fi eld th at co n t ai ns th e a c tua l d a t a c o de d a t t he e r r o r r a te either as spe c ified in the h e a de r in e x pli c it mo de or in t he re gis t er s e t ti n gs in impl i ci t m od e. a n optio n a l cr c m a y b e a pp e n d ed . f o r m o re i n for m atio n on t he p ayloa d a n d h o w i t i s l o ad ed fr om t he da t a b u f f e r fif o pl e a s e se e s e cti on 4.1.2. 3 . 4.1.1.7. t ime on air f o r a give n co m bin a t i o n o f sp r e a din g facto r (s f) , c o din g r at e (cr ) a nd sig n a l b a ndwi d t h (b w ) t he to t a l o n - t h e - air transmission time of a lor a tm p acket can be calcul a t ed as follows. from the definition of the symbol r a te it is conve ni e n t to define the s ymbol ra t e: t s = - - 1 - - - rs the l o ra p a cket d u ration i s the sum o f t h e d u ration o f t h e p r eamb l e a nd t h e tra n sm i t ted p a ck e t . t h e pr e a mble l e ngth is ca l cula t ed as fo l lows: t p r e a mbl e = ( n p r e a m b l e + 4.2 5 ) t s y m where n p r eamble i s th e p r og r am m e d p r e am b l e l e ngth , p r ea m ble l e n gth .th e p a yloa d d u rati on d e p e nd s u p o n t he h ea d er mode that is enabl e d . the followi n g for m ulae give the p a yload duration in implicit ( h ea d e r less ) a nd e x p lici t ( wit h he a d e r) modes. ? ? 8 l p a y l oa d C 4 s f + 2 4 ? ? ? + ? ? ---------------- - --------------- - -- - - ( c r + 4 ) where: l payl o a d > 0 , i m pl i c i t he a der t s y m 8 c e i l ------------- 4 s f ? ? t pay l oa d = ? ? ? ? ? 8 l C 4 s f + 44 + -------------- - ------------ - - ( c r + 4 ) whe r e: l > 0 , e xp l i c it he a d e r ? t s y m 8 ce i l ? - - ---------------- - 4 s f ? ? a d dition o f these two durati o ns g ives t h e t o t a l p a cket on - a ir time. t pack e t = t p r ea m b l e + t p a y l oa d 4.1.1.8. frequency hop p ing with lora tm f r e qu e nc y h o ppi n g s p re ad s p ect r u m ( f hss ) i s ty pi c a ll y em pl oye d wh en th e d u r a ti on of a si n gl e p a ck et c o ul d exc e ed r e g ul a t o r y r e q ui r em e n t s r elati ng t o th e m a xi m u m pe r mit t a b l e c h an n e l dwel l ti m e . t h i s i s m o s t no t abl y t he c a s e i n us o p e r a ti on whe re th e 90 2 t o 92 8 mh z is m b an d c an b e use d i na fr e q u enc y ho p pi ng m o d e . t o e a s e impl e me n t atio n of f hs s system s t he f r e q ue n c y ho p pi ng mo de of th e lor a tm m o de m c a n be e n a b l e d (s e e f h ssm o d e o f re gis t er regtxcfg 1 ). t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 28 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet pr in ci pl e o f o p e ra t i o n t h e pr i ncipl e be h in d t he fhs s sc he m e i s t h a t a po r tio n of eac h lor a tm p ack et i s t r ansmitte d o n eac h ho p pin g cha n n el f r o m a loo k up t abl e of f r e q u e ncie s m a n a ge d b y t he h os t mic r ocont r olle r . a f t er a p r e det e rmi n e d h o ppi n g pe r io d the t r ansmitte r an d r e c e iv er ch a n ge t o th e n ex t c h an n e l i n a p r edefin e d li st of hopping fre q uencies to con t inue transmission and re c eption of the next portion of the p a cket. the time which the transm i ssion will d w ell in any gi v en channel is d e t e r m i n ed b y h o p p ingp e ri od w hi c h is an integer m u ltiple of symbol period s : hoppingperio d = t s f reqho p pi n gperiod t h e f r eq u enc y ho p pi ng tra n smissi on a nd r e c e ptio n pr oc es s s t a r t s at ch a n n e l 0 . th e pr e am b l e a nd h e a d e r a r e t r ansmitted fir s t on channel 0. at the begi n n ing of e a ch t r ansmissio n t he i n t e r r up t th e cha n ne l c o unte r f h ssp r esentch a nn el is i n cre m ent ed a n d t he i n t e r r up t si g na l fhssc h an g ech a nn el i s g e n e rat e d . th e n ew f r e q ue n c y m us t t h e n b e p r og r a m med withi n t he h op p in g pe r io d t o e n s u r e i t i s t a ke n i n t o accou nt f or th e n e x t h o p , th e inte r ru pt fhssc h an g ech a nn el i s t h e n t o be cleared by w ri ting a logical ?1?. f h ss recepti o n always s t ar t s on channel 0. the r e ceiver wai t s fo r a v a li d p r e a mbl e d etecti on b e f o r e s t a r tin g the frequen c y hopping process as described abo v e. note that in the e v entuality of header crc c orruption, the re c eiver will a u to m atic a ll y r eq u es t ch a n n e l 0 an d rec o mme n c e t he v a li d p r e a mbl e d etecti on p r ocess. t imin g o f ch a nn el u p da t e s t h e i n ter r u pt r e q uestin g t he ch a nn el c h an g e , f h sscha n n e lc h an g e , i s ge n e r ate d u p on tr a nsiti on t o th e ne w fr e qu e nc y . the f r eq u e n c y ho p pi ng p r oces s i s r e c a pitulat e d i n t he di a g r a m b e low: fi g ure 6. interru p t s gen e rated in the case of successful f r equ e ncy hopping communication. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p age 29 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .1.2. l o r a t m di g i t al int e rf a ce t h e lor a tm m od em co m p ri s es t h r ee typ es o f di gi t a l inte r f a c e, s t ati c c on fi g u r a t ion r e gis t e r s, s t atu s r egiste rs a nd a fifo d a t a b u f f e r . a ll a re a cc e s s ed t h r o ug h t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) ? s spi i n t e r f ace - full d e t a ils o f e a ch t y p e of r e g is t er a re g iv e n b e lo w . fu l l listings of the register addresses u s ed f or spi a c cess are given in section 6 . 4. 4.1.2.1. lor a tm c o nfigu r atio n r e gist e r s c o nfigu r atio n r e gi ste rs a re access ed t h r o ug h th e sp i inte rf ace . re gi st e r s a r e r e a d abl e i n al l d e vic e m o d e inclu d in g sle e p. h o w e v e r , t h e y sho u l d be writ t e n onl y i n sl e e p an d s t an d - b y mod es . please note that t he a ut o mati c t op le v e l s eq u en c e r (t ls mod e s ) a r e n o t av a il a bl e i n lor a tm mode a n d t he c on f i g ur a tio n regis t e r map p i ng c han g e s as shown in t able 8 5 . t h e co n t e n t o f t he lor a tm c o n f ig u r a ti o n re gis t e r s is re t ai n ed in f s k/ o ok mo d e . fo r t he f u n c ti o n a lity o f m od e r e gi ste rs com m o n t o b ot h fsk/oo k an d lor a tm mo d e , pl e a s e c o n s ult t h e a na log an d rf fr o n t end s e c ti o n of t h is d o cument (section 5 ). 4. 1 . 2 . 2 . s t a t us r e gi s te r s s t a t us r e gi s t e rs p r o v ide s t at u s in f o r m atio n d u ri ng r e c e ive r o pe r a tio n. 4.1.2.3. lor a tm mode f i fo d a t a buffer overview t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s e q ui pp ed wit h a 2 5 6 byt e ra m da t a b u f f e r which is uniquely ac c e s sible in lora mode. this r am a r e a , t h er e a f t e r re f f e r e d t o a s t he fif o da t a b u f f e r , i s full y c u st o mizabl e by th e u s er a nd all o w s acc e s s t o t he r e c e ived , or to be transmit t ed, d a t a . a ll access to the lor a tm fif o da t a b u f f er i s d o n e v i a th e sp i inte rf ace . a dia g r am of t he user d efin ed me m o ry m a pp i n g o f th e fif o d a t a b u f f e r i s s h ow n b e lo w . th e s e f i fo da t a bu f fe r c an b e r e ad i n al l o p e r ating m od es excep t sle ep an d st o r e d a t a r el a t ed t o t he l a s t rec e iv e o p e r atio n pe r fo r me d. i t i s a utom a tica l ly cl e a r e d o f ol d cont e n t u p on ea ch n e w tr an siti o n to r e c e ive mo d e . fig u re 7. lor a tm d a t a b uffer t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 30 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) pr in ci pl e o f o p e ra t i o n tha nks to i t s d u al port configu r a t ion, it is possible to simul t a ne o usl y st o r e bot h t r a n smi t a n d recei v e information in the fifo d a t a bu f fe r . t h e r e gi st er fifotxbaseaddr s pecifies the point in memory where the tran s mit information is stored. similarl y , for r e c eiv e r o pe r a ti o n, t h e r e gi s ter fiforxb a sead dr indi c ates the point in the da t a bu f fer where information will be written to in event of a receive o p e r ation. b y def a ult , th e d e vic e i s c o nfig u re d at p owe r - u p s o th at h a l f o f th e avail a bl e m e mo ry i s de d icate d t o r x ( fiforxbaseaddr i n itialize d at a d d r es s 0x 0 0 ) a n d th e o t h e r h a lf is dedicated for tx ( fifotxbaseaddr initiali z ed at addre s s 0x80). h o w e v e r , d ue t o t he c o ntig u ou s nat u r e o f th e fif o d a t a b u f f e r , t he b a s e a d d ress es f or t x an d rx a r e fully configurable ac ross the 256 b y te memory a r e a . each p o inter can be set i ndependently anywh e re within the f i f o . t o expl o it the m aximu m fi fo d a t a b u f fer siz e i n tra n smit or r e ceive mode, the whole fifo da t a bu f fe r c an b e use d i n eac h m o d e by se t ti n g t h e b a se a d dr es s es fifot xbaseaddr a n d fiforxbaseaddr at t h e b o t t om o f t h e mem o r y ( 0 x 0 0 ). the fifo da t a bu f fer is cleared when the device is put in sleep mode, consequently no access to the f i fo da t a bu f fer is p ossibl e i n sl e e p m o de . h o w e v e r , t he da t a i n th e fif o d a t a b u f f e r a re re t a in ed w h e n switchin g a c r os s th e oth er lora m od es o f o p e r atio n, s o t h a t a r e c e iv ed p acke t ca n b e r e t r a n s m itte d wit h mi ni mu m da t a h a ndli n g on th e co n t r oll er sid e. the fifo da t a bu f fer is not self - clearing (unless if the de v ice is put in sl eep mode) and t he da t a will only be eras e d when a new s et of da t a is written into th e occ u pi ed mem o r y locatio n . the actual locati o n to be read from, or written to, o v e r th e sp i inte rf ac e i s d e fi n e d by t he a d d r es s p oi n t er fifoaddrpt r . b e f o r e a ny r e a d o r writ e o p e r atio n i t i s h e nc e necessa ry t o i n iti a lis e thi s p oi n t er t o th e c o r r esp o ndi n g bas e valu e . u p on r e a di ng o r writi ng t o th e fi fo d a t a bu f fe r ( reg f if o ) the address pointer w ill t h en increment automaticall y . t h e r e gi s ter fiforxb y te s nb d efin es th e siz e o f t he m e mo ry locatio n t o b e w r itt en i n t he eve nt o f a successfu l r ece i v e o p e r a ti o n . o n th e oth er h a n d p a yloa d le n gt h indicates t he size of the memory locati o n t o b e t r ansmitted . i n im p lici t h ea d er m od e, t he fif o rxbyt e sn b is n o t u sed a s t h e n u mb er of p a y lo a d b y t es is kn own. otherwise, in e x plicit h e ader mode, the initial s ize of the receive bu f fer is set to the p a cket leng t h in th e rec e iv ed he a d e r . th e va ri a b l e fifor x currentaddr indi c ates the lo c ation of the la s t p a cket received in t he fifo so that t he la s t p a cket rec e iv ed can be easily read by p o inting the fi f o add r pt r t o t h i s r egiste r . it is impor t ant to notice that all the recei v ed da t a w ill be written to the fifo data buffer even if the c r c is invalid. this a llow s f or p ost - p r ocessin g of r eceive d d a t a f or d e b ug p u r p os e s f o r i n sta n c e. i t i s al s o imp o r a n t t o n o t e t h a t w h e n r eceivi n g, if the pa c ket si z e ex c eeds t h e buffer memory allo c ated for the rx it will o v erwrite the transmit por t ion of the data buffer. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 31 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) 4 .1.3. operati o n of the l o r a tm modem 4.1.3.1. operating mod e control t h e o p e r atin g m o d es o f t he lor a tm m od em ar e a cc e sse d by e n a b lin g lor a tm mode (setting the l o n g r a ng e mo de bit of r e go p mo d e ). d e pe n di ng u po n th e op e r a ti ng m od e selecte d th e ra nge of fun c tionality and register access is given by the following t able: t a ble 6 1 lor a tm operating mode f u nctionality o p er a t ing mo d e de s c ription sle e p lo w - p ower mod e . in th i s mo d e o n ly spi and c o nfigur a t i o n registers are accessib l e. lo r a f i f o i s n o t accessible. note t h at this is t h e on l y mode p e rmiss i ble to switch betwe e n fsk/ook mo d e a nd lora m o de. s t and - by both crys t a l o scill a t o r a n d l o r a b a s e ba n d blocks are t u rned o n .rf p a rt a nd plls are dis a bled fs t x t h is is a fre q uency synthesis mo d e for transmissi o n . the pll s e lected for tra n sm i s s i on is lock e d and a c tive at the tr ansmit fre q uenc y . t h e rf p a rt is o f f. fsrx t h is i s a frequ e ncy sy n t h e sis m o de f o r rec e ption. the p l l s e lected for r e ception is l o ck e d and active at the receive freq u enc y . the rf p a rt is o f f. tx wh e n activated the rfm95/96/97/98(w) p o wers all remain i ng b locks requ i red for tr a n smit, ram p s the p a, tr a n smi t s t h e p a cket a nd returns to s t an d - b y mo d e . rx c o nti n uous wh e n activated t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) pow e rs a l l r e main i ng bl o cks req u ired for r e ceptio n , proc e ss i ng all receiv e d d a t a until a new u s e r re q uest i s ma d e to ch a nge o p erating mo d e . rxsingle wh e n activated t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) pow e rs a l l r e main i ng bl oc ks req u ired for r e ceptio n , remai n s i n th i s s t ate until a va l id p a cket has be e n r e ceived a n d t h en returns to s t a nd - b y mod e . cad wh e n in cad mode, t h e de vice wi l l check a g iven ch a nnel to d e tect lora p r e a mble si g nal it is possible to a c cess any mode from a n y other mode by changing the value in the r e g op m o d e registe r . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 32 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) f = xo s c 4 .1.4. fr e quency s e ttings recalling that the frequ e ncy step is gi v en by: f st e p --------- - ---- - - 2 19 in o r d e r to set lo frequency values following registers are avai l abl e . f r f i s a 24 - bi t r e gist er whic h d efin es ca r ri er fr e qu e nc y . t h e c ar r ier f r e q u en cy re lat e s to t h e r e g is t er c o n t e n t s b y f oll o wi n g formula: f r f = f ste p fr f (2 3 , 0 ) t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 33 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .1.5. l o r a t m modem s t ate machi n e sequen c es t h e se q u e nc e fo r t r ansmissio n a n d r ece p ti on o f d a t a t o a nd fr om t he lor a tm modem, tog e ther with flow cha r t s of typical s e qu e nce s o f o pe r atio n, a r e d e t ail ed b e lo w . d a t a t ra nsmis s i on s e qu e nce in transmit mode p o wer consump t ion is optimized by enabli n g r f , pl l a n d p a bl ock s o nl y w h e n p acke t d a t a n e ed s t o be transmitted. fi g ur e 8 shows a typical lor a tm transmit sequence. figure 8 . lora tm mod u lation tra n smission seq u enc e . ? s t a ti c c o nfig u rati on r e gist e r s c an o n l y b e ac c e s s e d i n sl e e p m od e, s t a n d - b y m od e o r fst x m o de. ? t he lor a tm fif o ca n o nl y be fil l e d i n s t a n d - b y m od e. ? da t a transmission is initiated by s e n d i n g tx m o d e r e q ue st. ? upon completion the txdone inte r r u p t i s iss u e d a nd th e r adi o r etu r n s t o s t a nd - b y mo d e . ? following transmission the radio c an be manually pla c ed i n sleep mode or the fifo refilled for a subsequent tx o pe r atio n. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 34 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet l o ra tm t ransmit da t a fifo f i ll i ng i n o r d e r to w r ite p a c k et d a t a i n to f i f o us e r s h o u l d : 1 set f if o ptr a d d r to fifot x ptrba s e . 2 w ri t e p a y l oa d le n gt h bytes to the f i fo ( regfif o ) da t a rec e ption sequen c e fi gu re 9 sho w s t ypi c al lora tm r e ceive sequences for b o th single a n d con t inuous r e ceiver mod e s of operation. figure 9. lor a tm receive seq u enc e . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 35 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) t h e l or a r eceiv e m o de m ca n w o r k i n tw o distinc t m ode 1. s in g le r e c e ive m o d e 2. c o ntin u ou s r eceiv e m o de t hos e tw o m o d es co r r es po nd t o di f f e r e nt u s e c a s es a n d i t i s im p or t a n t t o u n de r s t an d t he su b tl e di f f er e nce s b e twe en th e m . singl e re c ep t io n op er a t i ng mode i n thi s m o de , th e m od em s e a r c h e s f or a p r e am b l e d u ri ng a g i v en tim e win d o w . i f a p r e a mbl e h asn? t b e e n fo u n d at th e e n d of th e tim e wind o w , th e chi p g e ne r ate s t he rx t im eo ut int e r r up t an d g oe s bac k t o s t an d - by m o d e . t he len g t h of th e wind o w (in symbols) is d e fined by the r e gs ym b t im eo ut r e giste r a nd s h o u l d be i n t he r a ng e of 4 ( m inim u m tim e fo r th e m od em to ac qui re loc k on a pr e am b le ) up t o 1 0 23 sym b ols . ( th e d e faul t v a lu e b e in g 5 ) . i f no p r ea m bl e i s d etecte d d u ri ng t h i s wind o w the rx t im eo ut i n t e r r up t i s g en e r a t ed an d th e ra dio g o e s b ac k t o s t a n d - by m o d e. at the end of the p aylo a d, the rxdo n e inter r u p t is genera te d t o geth er wit h t he inte r ru pt p a yl o adc r ce r r or i f th e p a yl o ad crc is not valid . howeve r , even when the crc is not v alid, the da t a are w ritten in the fifo da t a bu f fer for post proces s ing. f ollowi n g t he rxdo n e inte r r u p t t he r a di o g o e s t o s t a n d - b y m od e. the modem will also autom a tically return in s t a nd - by mode w hen the interrup t s r xd o ne or r x t imeout are generated. t he r e f o r e , t his m o d e s h o u ld o n ly be u s e d w h en t h e ti m e wi n d o w of a r ri v al of t h e p a ck e t is k no wn . i n o t h e r ca s e s , t he rx c o ntinu o u s mo de s h ou l d b e use d. in rx single mode low - power is a c hieved by turning o f f pll and rf bloc ks as soon as a p a c ket has been received. the flow is as follo w s: 1 set fifoptraddr to fiforxptrba s e . 2 s t atic con f iguration r e gister device can be writt e n in either sleep mod e , s t and - by mode or f s rx mod e . 3 a single p a cket receive o peration is initiate d by sele ctin g t he op e r a ti ng m o d e rxsing le. 4 the recei v er will then await the reception of a valid preamble. once received, the gain of the receive c hain is s et. f ollowi n g t he e n s u in g r ece p ti on o f a v a li d he a d e r , indic a t ed b y the v a lidheader interrupt in explicit mode. the p a cket r ece pt io n p r oces s co m me n c e s . o n c e th e r ece p ti on p r oces s i s c o m pl e t e th e rxd o n e i n t e r r up t i s set . t he r a di o the n r etu r n s a uto m atic a ll y t o s t a n d - by m od e t o r ed u c e powe r c o nsum pt ion. 5 the receiver s t atus r e gister paylo a dcrcerr o r s hould be checked for p acket p ayload integrit y . 6 i f a v a lid p ac k et p a y lo a d h as be en r e c e iv e d t h en t h e f i f o s h o uld be r e ad (s e e p a yl oa d d a t a e x tr a c t ion be lo w ). s h o u ld a s u bseq u e nt sing l e p a cke t r e c e ptio n n e ed t o be trig g e r ed , the n th e rxsingl e o p er at in g m o d e m u s t b e r e - s el ecte d to l a u n c h th e rec e iv e p r o c e s s a g ai n - t a ki ng car e t o r ese t t he sp i p o inte r ( fifoptra d d r) t o t he bas e l o c a ti on i n m e mo ry (fiforxp t rbase). co n tinu o u s rec e ptio n oper a tin g m o de i n conti n uo us r e c e iv e m od e th e m o d em scan s t he c h an n e l c o n tinu o usl y fo r a p r e a m b le. e a ch t ime a p r e am ble is de t e ct e d t he mo d e m d e t e c t s a nd t r ack s i t unti l t he p ack et i s receiv ed an d t h e n ca r ri es o n w a iti ng f or th e n ex t p r e a mbl e. i f th e p r e am b l e le n gt h e xce e d s t he a ntici p a t ed valu e se t b y t he r egiste rs regpre a mble msb a n d regpr e amble l sb ( me a sur ed in symbol unit), the preamble will be dropped and the search for a preamble res t arted. howeve r , this scenario will not be fl a gg ed b y an inte r r u pt . i n c o ntin o u s r x mo d e , o pp o sit e t o t he singl e r x mo d e , wh en a ti m eo ut int e r r u p t i s g e ne r ate d, the device will not go in s t andby mode. in this case, the user must s imply clear the interrupt while the device carry on waiting f or a vali d p r e a mbl e. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 36 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) i t i s als o imp o r t a n t t o n o t e th at th e d e mo d ul a t ed byt es a re wr i tte n i n th e d a t a bu f fe r m e mo ry i n th e o r d e r r eceived . me a ni n g, the fir s t byte of a new p a cket is written just a f ter the last byte of the precedi n g p acke t . the rx modem a d d r e s s poi n t er is n eve r r e s e te d as l o n g a s t h i s m od e i s en a ble d . i t i s t h e r e f o re n e c e ss a r y fo r th e cont r oll e r t o h a ndl e th e a dd r es s p o inte r to m ak e sur e t he fif o d a t a b u f f e r i s n e v er full. in c o n t in u o u s m od e t h e re cei v ed p ac k et processing sequence is given bel o w . 1 whilst in sleep or s t and - by mode select rxcont mod e . 2 up o n r e c e ptio n o f a vali d h e a d e r cr c t he rxdone i nterrupt is set. the r a dio r e m a ins in rxcont mode waiting for the next rx lor a tm p a c ke t . 3 t h e payloadcrcerror fla g sho u l d b e ch ec k ed f or p acke t i n t e g r it y . 4 i f p a cke t h as b e e n co r r e ctl y rec e iv ed t he fif o d a t a b u f f e r c an b e r e ad (se e b elow ). 5 t h e r ece p ti on p r oces s ( ste p s 2 - 4 ) c an b e r ep e ate d or r e c e ive r o pe r atin g m od e ex it ed a s d esi r ed. in con t inuous mode s t a t us infor m a t ion are avail a ble o n ly f o r t he l a st p a ck e t re cei v e d , i.e. t h e c o r r e s p on di n g r e gi s t e rs s h oul d be r e a d b efo re t he n e x t r x d on e a r ri v es. p a yloa d da t a ext r ac t io n f r o m f ifo i n o r d e r t o r etri e v e r eceiv ed da t a f r o m fif o t he use r m us t e nsu re t h a t v a lidheade r , paylo a dcrcerr o r , rxdone a n d rx t imeout inter r u p t s in the s t atus r e gister reg i r q fla g s a r e not a sse rt e d t o e n s u r e t h a t p acke t r e c e ptio n h as t e rmi n ated su c cess f ully (i.e. no f lags s hould be set). i n cas e of e r r o r s t he st e p s b e lo w s h oul d b e sk i pp ed a nd t he p ack et di sca r d e d . i n o r d e r t o r etri e v e val i d r e c e iv ed d a t a f r om the fifo the user must: ? fifon b rxbytes in di c a te s th e n um b e r of b yte s t h a t hav e b ee n r eceive d t h u s fa r . ? regrxd a t a addr i s a dyn a mi c p oi n t er t h a t indic a t es p r ecisel y w h e re t he lo ra m o de m r eceive d da t a h a s be en w r itt en up to. ? se t fi f o pt ra dd r to fiforxc u r r e n ta d d r . t h i s s e t s th e fif o p ointe r to the the location of the last p a cket r e ceived in the f i f o . th e p a yl o a d ca n t h e n be extr a ct ed b y r e ad i n g th e r e gfif o address r e gnbrxbyte s times. a lternati v el y , it is p o ssible to manually p o int to the locati o n of the last p a cket r e c e iv ed fro m t he s t a r t o f t he cur r e nt p acke t b y setting fi f op t ra d dr t o r e g r xd a t a a d d r - f i f o n b r x b y t e s . i n the same wa y , p ac k et bytes c a n then be extracted from f i fo by r e a di ng t he r e gf ifo a dd r es s regnbrxbytes times. p a ck et filt er i ng ba s e d o n pre a mbl e s t art t h e l or a mo d e m d o e s auto m atic a ll y filte r r eceive d p a cke t s bas ed up on a ny a d d r ess i ng . h o w e ve r th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) p e r mi t so f twa re filt e ri ng o f t he r e c e iv ed p a ck e t s b a se d o n t he c o nte n t s o f t he firs t fe w byt es of p a yload. a brief example is gi ve n b e lo w f or a 4 byt e a d d r ess , how e v e r , t he a d d r es s le n gt h ca n be s e lect ed b y t he d e si g ne r . t h e o b j e cti v e of t h e p a ck e t f ilt e ri n g p r o c ess is to d e t er mi n e t h e p r e s e n c e , o r o t h e r w is e , o f a v alid p ac k et d esi gn ed f or t h e r e ceive r . if the p a cket is not for the r e ceiver then the r ad io r e t u r n s t o s le e p m o d e in o r d e r to i m p ro ve b a t t e r y li f e. the so f tware p acket filte r ing process follows the ste p s below: t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 37 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet ? ea c h time the rxdone interrupt is recei v ed, latch the regfifor x byteaddr[7 : 0] register conte n t in a variable , this variable will be called s t art_address. the regfiforxbytead d r [ 7 : 0] r eg ist e r of t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) gi v es in r ea l ti m e t h e address of the la s t byte w ritten in the da t a bu f fer + 1 (or the address at which the next b y te will be written) by the receive lora modem . so by doing this , w e m a k e su re tha t th e va ri abl e s t a rt_ a dd r es s al w a y s con t ai n s t he s t a r t address of the next p a cket. ? upon re c eption of the interrupt v alid h eade r , s t art polling the r egfiforxbyte a d d r[7:0] regi s ter until it begins to in c rement. the speed at w hich this register will increment depends on the s preading facto r , the error corre c tion code and the modulation ban d w i d th. (note that this interrupt is s t ill generated in implicit mode). ? as s o on a s re gf if o rxb y t e ad d r [ 7 : 0] >= s t a r t a dd r e ss + 4 , t h e fir s t 4 b y tes ( a dd r e ss) a re s to re d in t h e f if o d a t a b u f f e r . t h es e ca n be r e a d a nd t e st ed t o s ee i f th e p acke t i s d e stin e d fo r th e r a dio an d eithe r r e mai n in g i n r x m o d e t o r eceive th e p acke t o r r etu r ni ng t o sle ep m o d e i f n ot. r e ceiv er t i m e ou t op er a t i on in ei t h e r s in g le or c on ti n u o us lor a tm r e c ep tion mo d e s, a r e c e iver ti me o u t fu n c t i o nal i t y i s a v a ila b le t h a t pe r mi t s t he r e c eiver t o liste n fo r a p r e - d ete r min ed pe r io d of tim e b e for e g e n e r atin g a n i nter r u pt sig n a l t o i n dicat e th at n o vali d p a cke t s h a ve b e en r eceive d . t h e tim er i s a bsolut e an d comm e nce s as so on as the radio is plac e d in ei the r singl e o r conti n uo us r ece i v e m od e. t h e i n t e r r u pt i t self , rxtimeou t , can be found in the inter r u p t register re g i r q fl ag s . in r x single mode, the device will r etu rn i n s t a n b y m o d e a s soo n a s th e inte r r u p t occu rs an d th e i n ter r u pt ne e d s t o be cle a r ed b efor e t o r etu rn i n r x si n gle mode. in rx co ntinuous mode, the interrupt will interrupt will s i mply be raised but the de v ice will s t ay in rx c ontinous mode. it is therefore the res p onsability on the c ontroller to clear the interrupt while still in rx c ontinuous mode. the p r o g r am m e d time o u t v a lu e i s ex pr es s ed a s a multipl e of th e symb ol p e ri o d a nd i s gi v en by: timeou t = l orarxtimeou t ? ts t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 38 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet channel activity detection t h e us e of a sp r ea d spectr um m o dul a t io n t e c h niq u e p r e s e n t s c hall e n g e s i n d ete r mini n g wh et h e r th e c h an n e l i s al r e ad y in use b y a sign a l t h a t m a y b e b elo w th e n ois e floo r o f t he r e c e ive r . t he us e of th e r ss i i n t h i s situatio n w o ul d cle a rl y be impracticable. t o this end the channel activity d e t e ct or i s use d t o d e t e c t t he p r esenc e of oth er lor a tm s ignals. fig u re 10 shows the channel activity d e tection (cad) process: figure 1 0 . lora tm cad flow t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 39 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet pr in ci pl e o f o p e ra t i o n the channel activity detection mode is d e signed to dete c t a lora p r e a mble on the r a dio channel with the best p o ssible power e f ficien c y . on c e in cad mode, the rfm95/96/97/98(w) will perform a very qui c k s can of the band to detect a lo r a p a c ket p r e am bl e . during a cad the following operatio n s t ake place: ? t he pl l l o cks ? t he r adi o r eceiv er captu r e s l o r a p r e am b l e sy m bo l o f d a t a fro m t he c h a n nel . th e ra dio cu r r e n t c o nsum p ti on d u ri ng t h at p ha se c o r r e s p o n d s to t h e s p e c ified r x mo de c u r r e nt ? t he r a di o r eceive r an d t he p ll tu rn o f f , an d t he mo d e m di gi t a l p r ocessin g s t a r t s. ? t he m o de m se a rch es fo r a c o r r elatio n betwee n t he r a di o c ap t u r ed s a mp les a nd t h e i d e a l preamble waveform. this c o r r el a ti o n p r o c e s s t a k e s a li t tle bit l e ss t h a n a sy mb ol p e ri o d t o p e rfo r m . t h e r adi o cu rr en t c o nsum pt io n d u ri ng t h at phase is gre a tly r e d u ced. ? onc e t he calcul a t i on i s finish e d t he m o de m g en e r a t es th e cad d one in t errupt. i f t he c orrela t ion was success f ul, cad d etect e d i s g en e r a t ed si m ul t a n e o usl y . ? the chip goes back to s t and - by mode. ? if a p r e am ble w as d e t e c t e d , c le a r t h e i n t er r u p t , t he n ini t iate t he r e c e p ti o n by p ut t ing t he r a d io in rx s in g le m o d e or rx co n ti n u o u s m od e. the time t a ken for the channel activity d e tection is d e p en d en t u p o n th e l o r a m od u latio n settin gs use d. f or a given configuration the typical cad d e tection time is sho w n in t h e g r a p h b el o w , ex p res se d a s a m u lti p l e o f th e l or a symb ol p e ri o d. o f thi s p e ri od th e ra dio i s i n r eceive r m o d e fo r ( 2 sf + 3 2 ) / b w s e con d s . f or th e r e mai n de r o f th e ca d cycl e the r a dio is in a r e d u c e d c o n s u mp tion s t a t e. f igure 1 1. chann e l activity detection (cad) time a s a f u nction of spre a ding fact o r t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 40 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t o illu s trate this pro c e s s and the re s pecti v e consumption in ea c h mode, the cad pro c ess follo w s the sequence of even t s outlined below: figure 12. co n s umpti o n profile of t h e lora cad proc e s s t h e r e c e iv er i s t h e n i n ful l r eceiv er m o d e fo r jus t ove r h a l f o f th e ac tivit y detectio n, f o llowe d b y a r e duce d cons u mption p r o c es si ng ph a s e w h e re t he consu m ptio n va ri e s wit h th e l or a b a ndwi d t h a s sh own i n t he t a ble b e lo w . t a ble 6 2 lor a cad c o nsumption fi g ures b a ndwi d th (khz) full r x , i d dr_l (ma) proce s sing, iddc_l (ma) 7.8 t o b e confirmed 1 0. 4 1 5. 6 2 0. 8 3 1. 2 4 1. 7 6 2. 5 1 2 5 1 0. 8 5.6 2 5 0 1 1 .6 6.5 5 0 0 13 8 4.1.5.1. digi t al io pin mapping si x of rfm95/96/97/98(w) ? s g e ne r a l pu r p o s e i o pi n s a r e avail a bl e use d i n lora t m mo d e . t h e ir m a pp ing is sh o wn b e l o w a n d d e p en ds u po n th e c o nfigu r atio n o f r e gi ste rs regdiomapping1 a n d regdiomapping2. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 41 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 6 3 d i o mapping lora t m m o de o p erat i n g mode diox m a p p i n g dio5 dio4 d i o3 dio2 dio1 dio0 all 00 mo d eready c a d d e t e c t e d caddo n e fhssch a ngec h annel rx t imeo u t rx d o ne 01 clko u t pl l lock v a li d h e ader fhssch a ngec h annel f h ssch a ngech a nnel txdone 10 clko u t pl l lock p a y l oadcrce r ror fhssch a ngec h annel c a ddetected c a ddone 11 - - - - - - 4.2. fsk/ook modem 4 .2.1. bit ra t e setting the bitrate setting is referenced to the cry s t al oscillator and pro v ides a pre c ise means of s e tting the bit rate (or equivalen t ly c h ip ) r at e o f t he r a dio . i n c o ntinu o u s t r a n s m i t m o d e ( s ec ti on 3.2.2 ) t he da t a str e a m to be tra n smitted can be inp u t directly to t h e mo d u l a tor via p in 9 ( di o2 /d a t a) in an a s y n ch ro n o us ma n ne r , u n l e ss g au ssi a n fil t e r ing is u s e d , in w h ich c a s e t h e dclk signal on pin 10 (dio1/dclk) is u s ed to syn chronize the da t a stream. see section 4 .2 . 2 . 3 f or d e t ails on t h e gau s sian filte r . in packet mode or in continuous mode with gaussian fil t e ri n g e n a b l e d, t h e bit r a te (br) is c ontrolled by bi t s bitrate in regbitratem s b and regbitratelsb b i t r at e = ---- - - ---------------- - --- - f --- - x --- - o ---- - s -- - c ------------- - -------------- - - b i t r a t e (15 , 0) + ---- - i - - t - - r - - a --- - t - - e -- - f --- - r - - a --- - c - 16 note: bitratefrac bi t s ha v e no e f f e ct (i.e may be consid e r ed equal to 0) in o ok m o dul a t i o n m o de. t h e qu a ntit y bit r atef r a c i s h enc e d e si g ne d t o allo w ve ry hi gh p r e cisio n ( max . 2 50 p p m p r og r a m in g res o lution ) fo r a n y bit ra te in t h e p r o g r amm a b le r a ng e. t a ble 6 4 bel o w s h ow s a r a n ge o f s t a n da rd bi t r a t e s a nd th e acc u r a c y t o withi n wh i c h they m a y be reached. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 42 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sens ing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 6 4 bit rate exam p les t y pe bitrate (15:8) bitrate (7:0) (g)fsk (g)msk ook actual br ( b/ s ) classic a l m o dem b a ud rates (m u lt i pl e s of 1.2 k b p s) 0x 6 8 0x 2 b 1.2 kb p s 1.2 kb p s 1 20 0 .0 1 5 0x 3 4 0x15 2.4 kb p s 2.4 kb p s 2 40 0 .0 6 0 0x1a 0x 0 b 4.8 kb p s 4.8 kb p s 4 79 9 .7 6 0 0x0d 0x05 9.6 kb p s 9.6 kb p s 9 60 0 .9 6 0 0x 0 6 0x83 19.2 kb p s 19.2 k b p s 1 91 9 6. 1 6 0x 0 3 0x41 38.4 kb p s 3 84 1 5. 3 6 0x 0 1 0xa1 76.8 kb p s 7 67 3 8. 6 0 0x 0 0 0 x d0 15 3 .6 k b p s 1 53 8 46.1 classic a l m o dem b a ud rates (m u lt i pl e s of 0.9 k b p s) 0x 0 2 0 x 2c 57.6 kb p s 5 75 5 3. 9 5 0x 0 1 0x16 1 15.2 kb p s 1 1 5 10 7 .9 rou n d bit r a tes (m u lt i pl e s of 12.5, 2 5 and 50 kb p s) 0x0a 0x00 12.5 kb p s 12.5 k b p s 1 25 0 0. 0 0 0x 0 5 0x00 25 kb p s 25 kb p s 2 50 0 0. 0 0 0x 8 0 0x00 50 kb p s 5 00 0 0. 0 0 0x 0 1 0x 40 1 00 kb p s 1 00 0 00.0 0x 0 0 0 x d5 1 50 kb p s 1 50 2 34.7 0x 0 0 0xa0 2 00 kb p s 2 00 0 00.0 0x 0 0 0x80 2 50 kb p s 2 50 0 00.0 0x 0 0 0x 6 b 3 00 kb p s 2 99 0 65.4 w a tch x t al fr e qu e ncy 0x 0 3 0 x d1 3 2. 7 6 8 kb p s 3 2 . 7 6 8 kb p s 3 27 5 3. 3 2 4 .2.2. fsk/ook t r a n smiss i on 4.2.2.1. fsk mod u lation fsk mo d ul a ti on i s pe r fo r me d insid e th e pl l b an d wi d t h , by cha n gin g th e fr a cti o na l divid e r rati o i n t he f e e d bac k lo op o f the p l l . t he hi g h res o lutio n o f th e si g ma - d e l t a m o du l ato r , allow s fo r v e r y n a r ro w f r eq u e n c y d eviation . t h e f r e q ue n c y d eviatio n f d e v is g iv e n b y : f de v = f ste p fde v (1 3 , 0) t o e nsu re c o r r ec t m od u latio n , the follo w ing limit applies: f d e v + ---- - r - - ( 250 ) khz 2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 43 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) = de v 10 wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet note no constraint appli e s to the modu l ation ind e x of the t r ansmitte r , b u t th e f r e q ue n c y d e vi a ti on mus t b e se t b etween 6 00 h z a nd 20 0 khz. 4.2.2.2. ook mod u lation oo k m o d u latio n i s a p p lie d by swit c h in g o n an d o f f t he p owe r am p lifie r . digi t al control and ram p i n g a re a vail ab le t o i m p r o v e the transie n t p o wer response of the ook transmitte r . 4. 2.2.3 . m o d u latio n sh a ping m od u latio n sh a pin g ca n b e a ppli e d i n b ot h oo k an d fs k m od u latio n m o des , t o imp r ov e t he na r r o wba n d r esp o ns e o f the t r ansmitte r . b o t h sh a pi ng f e atu r e s a r e co nt rol l e d wit h paramp bi t s in r e g p ar am p . ? in f sk mo d e , a g a u s si a n filt e r with bt = 0 . 5 or 1 is u s ed to f ilt e r t he mo d u l a tion s tr ea m, a t t he i n p u t of t h e si g m a - d e l t a modulato r . if the gaussian filter is enabl e d when the rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s i n co n ti n uo us mo d e , dc lk sign a l o n pi n 10 ( d io1/ d clk) wi ll trigger an interrupt on the uc each time a new bit has to be transmitted. please refer to s ection 5.4.2 fo r de t a ils. ? wh en oo k mo d ul a ti on i s use d, t he p a bi as v o l t ag es a re r a mp ed up a nd d ow n smo o thl y w h e n t he p a i s tu r ne d o n a n d o f f, to reduce spectral splatte r . no t e th e t r a n s mi t t e r m u s t b e r e s t a r t e d if t h e mo d u la t io n s h a pi ng setti ng i s cha n g e d , i n o r d er t o r ecali b r a t e t he b uilt - in filte r . 4 .2.3. fsk/ook re c eption 4.2.3.1. fsk demodul a t or t h e fsk de m od u lato r o f t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s d esig n e d t o d e modulate fsk, gfsk, msk and gmsk modulated signal s . it is most e f ficient when the modul a t ion ind e x of the signal is g r e a ter than 0.5 and below 1 0 : 2 f -------- - ------------- 0.5 br t h e o utpu t o f t he fs k d e mo d ulato r c an b e f ed t o t he bi t synch r o n iz er t o p r ovid e t he c o m p a n io n p roc e sso r wit h a synch r o n ou s d a t a st r ea m i n co nt inu o u s m od e. 4. 2.3.2 . oo k d e mo d ulator t h e oo k d e mo d ulat or p e rfo r m s a com p a r iso n of th e rss i out put a n d a t h r e s h o ld v al ue . t h re e d i f f er e n t t h r e s h o ld mo d e s a r e av a il a bl e , co n fi gu r e d t h r o u g h bi t s o o kth r esh t y pe in regookpe a k . the recommended m o de of operation is the peak threshold mode, illu s trated in fig u re 13 : t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 44 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet r s s i [db m ] ? ? p eak - 6db?? t h r esh o l d ?? f loo r ?? t hre s h o l d d e f i n e d b y o o kf i x edth r e s h noise f l o or of re c e i v er t i me z o om de ca y in db as de f i n ed in o o k pea k th r e sh s t e p f i x ed 6 db di f fe r en c e pe r iod as de f in e d in o o k p ea k th r e s h d ec figure 1 3 . ook peak demo d ulat o r description i n pe ak t h r e s h ol d mo de th e c o m p a r is on th r esh old l e v el i s th e p e ak val u e of t he rss i , r e d u c e d b y 6 d b . i n t he a b senc e of an input signal, or during the reception of a logical ? 0 ? , t he ac q uir ed p ea k val ue i s d e cre m ent ed b y o n e ookpe a k t hr es h s tep ev er y o o kp e akth r eshde c perio d . when the rssi o u tput is null for a long time (for ins t ance a f ter a l o n g stri ng o f 0 r e c e iv e d , o r if no transmitter is present), the peak threshold level will continue falling until it reaches the floor threshold, programmed in ookfixedthres h . t h e d e f a ul t settin gs o f th e oo k d em o dul a t o r le ad t o th e p e rfo r ma nce s t a ted in t h e el e c t ric a l specification. howeve r , in a p plica t ions in which sudden signal d r o p s a r e awaited during a r e c e p ti o n, t he t h r e e p a r a me t e rs s ho uld be o p ti m iz e d ac c o r d ingl y . opt i mizing t h e floor t h reshold ookfixedthresh determin e s the sensitivity of the ook r e ceive r , as it s e t s th e com p a r iso n th r e s ho l d f or w e a k inp u t sign a ls (i.e. those close to the n o ise floor). significant sen s iti v it y i m p rov e me n t s ca n be ge n e r ate d i f c o nfig u re d c o r r ectl y . n o t e th at th e n ois e floo r o f th e r eceiv er a t t he de m od u lato r inp u t d e p e nd s on: ? t he n oi s e fig ur e o f t h e r e c e ive r . ? t he g a i n o f t he r e c e iv e c h ai n fr om ante n n a t o b a s e ba n d. ? t he m a tchi ng - inclu d in g s a w f ilter if a n y . ? the bandwi d th of the channel filte r s. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 45 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet it is therefore imp o r t ant to n o te that the setting of oo kfixedthresh will be application dependant. the follow i ng procedure is recommended to optimize oo kfixed t hresh . s et rf m 96 /7 / 8 in ook rx m ode a djust b i t r a te, chann e l f il t er b w de f a ul t ook f i xe dth r e s h se t t i ng no in p ut s i gnal c o n t i n u o us m o de m o n i tor di o 2/d a t a p i n i n c r e m e n t ookf i x edth r e s h g li t c h a c t i vi t y on d a t a ? o p t i m iz a t i o n c o m p l e t e fi g ure 14. flo o r threshold op t imization t h e n e w flo or th r eshol d v a lu e fo u n d d u ri ng t h i s tes t s h oul d be use d fo r oo k r eceptio n w ith tho s e receiver s e t tings. op t imizi ng oo k d e modula t o r f o r fa st fa d i ng sig n als a s u dd en dr op i n sig n a l str e ngt h c an c a us e th e bi t e r r o r r a t e to i n c r e a s e . f or a p pli c a t io n s w h e r e t he ex pe ct e d s i gn al d r o p c an be e stim a t e d , th e f o llowin g oo k d e mo d ulato r p a r am e t e r s ookpeakt h r e s h st ep a n d ookpe a k t h r eshde c can be o ptimize d a s d esc ri b ed b elo w fo r a give n nu m be r of t h res h ol d dec r em e n t s p er bi t . refe r t o r e go o kp e a k to a c c e ss t h o s e se t ting s . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 46 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet alt e rn a tiv e oo k d e m o dula t o r thr e sh o l d m odes i n a dditio n t o th e p e a k oo k thr e shol d m od e, th e u s er ca n al t e r n a ti v ely s e le c t t wo o t h e r type s o f t h r e s h ol d d e te ct o rs: ? fix ed th r esh ol d : t h e val ue i s sel e cte d th r o u g h ookfixed t hresh ? a v e r a ge th r esh ol d : da t a s u ppli e d b y t he rss i bloc k i s ave r a g e d, a nd t h i s o pe r atio n m od e s h oul d o nl y b e us ed with dc - fr ee e n c o d ed da t a. 4.2.3.3. bit synchronizer t h e bit sy nc hr o nize r p r ovide s a cle an an d synch r o n iz ed di gi t a l o u t p u t base d up o n timin g r ecove ry i n for m atio n gl ea n ed f r o m t he r e c e iv ed da t a e dg e t r ansitio n s . i t s o utp ut i s m a d e avail a bl e o n pin dio 1 /dcl k i n c o ntinu o u s m od e a n d ca n be disabl e d thr o ugh register setting s . howev e r , for optim u m r e cei v er p e r f ormance, e s p e cially in continuous r e ceive mod e , i t s use is str o n g ly advised. t h e bi t synch r o n iz er i s a uto m atic a ll y activ a t ed in pac k et mode. i t s bit rate is controlled by bitratemsb a n d bitratelsb in regbitrate. r a w d e m odul a t or out p ut (f s k or oo k ) b i ts y nc o ut p ut t o p i n d a t a and dclk in c on t in u ous m ode da t a d c lk f igure 15. bit synchronizer description t o e n s u re c o r r e ct o pe r a ti o n o f t h e bit s y n c h r o n i z e r , the following con d itions have to be satisfied: ? a p r e a mble ( 0 x55 or 0xaa) of at least 12 bi t s is required for synch r onizatio n , t he l on g e r t he synch r o ni z a ti on p h a s e i s the better the ensuing p a ck et dete c tion rate will be. ? the subsequent p a yl o ad bit stream must have at least one edge transition (ei t her rising or falling) e v ery 16 bi t s during d a t a t r a n s m is s io n . ? t he a b s o lut e e r r or b e tw e e n tr a nsmitt ed a nd rec e iv ed bi t rat e m u s t n ot exce ed 6.5%. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 47 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.3. 4 . f requency error indica t o r t hi s f r eq u e n c y e r r or in di c a t or m e asu r e s t he f r e q ue n c y e r r or b e tw e e n th e p r o gr a mm ed r f c e ntr e fr e q u enc y a n d th e c a r r ier f r eq u e n c y of th e m o dul a t ed i n p ut si g na l t o t he r eceive r . whe n th e fe i i s p e r f o r m ed , th e fre q u e nc y er r o r i s m e asu r e d a n d the s igned result is loaded in fei v al u e in regfei , in 2 ? s complement format. the time r e q u ired for an fei eval u a tion is 4 bit p e ri o d s . t o e nsu re c o r r ec t o pe r atio n o f th e fe i: ? t he m e asu r em e n t m us t b e l a u n c h e d d uri ng th e r ecepti on o f p r e am b le. ? the sum of the fre q uency o f fset and the 20 db signal b a n d wi d th m u s t b e lowe r th an t he b a s e band filter bandwi d th. i.e. t he whol e m od u late d sp ec t r u m m u s t b e r eceive d . t h e 20 d b ba n dwi d t h of th e sig n a l c an b e e v al u a t ed a s f o llow s ( do u bl e - sid e b an d wi d th ): = ? ? + ----- - - ? ? b w 2 0 d b 2 ? f de v 2 ? ? ? the frequency e r r o r , in hz, can be calculated with the following formula: fe i = f ste p f e i v a l ue rf m 96 / 7 /8 i n rx mode p re a mbl e - m odula t e d in p u t s i gnal s i gna l leve l > s en s i t i v i ty s e t fei st art = 1 f eidon e no = 1 y e s read fei v al ue figure 1 6. fei process t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 48 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) preambledetectorsize # of byt e s 00 1 01 2 (recommend e d) 10 3 11 r e s e rv e d wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.3. 5 . afc t h e a fc i s b ase d o n t he fe i m e asu r em e nt , t h er ef or e th e s a m e input s ignal and r e ceiver setting conditi o n s appl y . when t he a fc p r oce d ur e i s pe r for m e d th e afc v alue is di r e c tly s u b t r a ct e d f r om t h e r e g iste r th at d e fine s t he f r eq u e n c y of o p e r a t ion o f the c hi p , f r f . th e a fc i s execute d e ac h ti me the receiver is enable d , if afcau toon = 1. w h e n th e af c i s e na b le d ( afcautoon = 1 ) , the user h a s the option to: ? cle a r th e fo r me r a fc co r r e ctio n v a lue , i f af c au t o c le a r o n = 1 . all o wi ng th e n e x t fr e qu e nc y co r r e ctio n t o be p e rfo r med from the initial cen t re frequenc y . ? s t a r t t he a fc ev al u atio n f r o m th e p revi o usl y co r r e cte d f r eq u e n c y . th is ma y b e u s e f ul in s ys t e m s in whi c h t h e c e n t r e f r e q u en cy ex pe ri e n c es c um ul a tive d ri f t - s u ch as t h e a g e ing o f a cr y s t al r e f e r e n c e. t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) o f fe rs a n alte r n a t e r eceive r b a n d wi d th s etting duri ng the afc phase allowi n g the accommodation of larger frequency e r r o rs. the setting regafcbw se t s th e r e ceiv e ba n dwi d t h d u ri n g th e afc process. in a typical receiver appli c ation the, on c e the afc is perfo r med, the radio will re v ert to the re c ei v er communic ation or channel bandwi d th ( regrxb w ) f or th e e nsuin g c o mmu ni catio n p h ase. n o t e th at th e fe i me a s u r e me nt i s v a li d onl y d u ri ng t he r e c e ptio n of p r e a mbl e. t he p r ovisi o n o f t he preamb l e detect flag can hence be used to dete c t this con d ition and all o w a r e lia b le a f c or fei o p e ra tion to be t r ig g e r e d . th is p r o c e s s c a n b e p e r f o r m e d a u t o maticall y b y usin g th e a pp r o p ri a t e o ptio ns i n s t a r td em o do np r e am ble f o un d i n t he regrxc o n fig registe r . a d e t ail ed descri p t i o n o f t he r e c e ive r setu p t o e na b l e t he af c i s p r ovid e d i n secti on 4.2. 6 . 4.2.3.6. preamble detector t h e p r e a mbl e detecto r indicat e s th e r eceptio n o f a c a r r ie r modul a t ed with a 0101...sequence. it is insensitive to the f r eq u e n c y o f fs e t , as l o n g as th e r e c e iv er b an d wi d t h i s la r g e en o u g h . th e siz e of d etecti on c a n b e p r o g r amm ed fr om 1 t o 3 by t es wi t h p reamble d etec t orsize in r eg pr e a mb le d e t ect as defined in the n e xt t able. t a ble 6 5 pream b le detector set t ings f o r n o r m al operation, preambledetect t o l sh o ul d be s et t o b e se t t o 1 0 ( 0 x0a) , w i t h a q ual i fyin g p r e am b l e siz e of 2 bytes. t h e p r ea m bled e t e c t interrupt (either in r e gir q fla g s 1 o r m ap p e d t o a sp ec ifi c dio ) the n go es hi g h e v e r y ti me a valid p r e am ble is d e t e c t e d , a s s u m i n g p reamble d etec t oron =1. t h e p r e a mbl e d etecto r ca n al s o be use d as a g a t e t o e n sur e th at af c an d ag c a re p e rfo r me d on vali d p r e a mbl e. see se c tion 4 . 2. 6 . for de t ails. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 49 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.3.7. image rejection mixer t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) em pl oy s a n i m ag e r ej e ctio n mi x er (irm ) which , u ncali b r a t e d , 35 db i m ag e r e j e ctio n. a l ow p h as e no i se p ll i s u s ed t o pe r for m cali b r a ti on o f t he r e c e ive r ch ain. t h is increases the typical image r e jection to 48 db. 4. 2.3.8 . ima ge a nd rss i c a lib r ation an a u tomatic calibr a tion process is used to calibr a te the p h a s e and gain of bot h i and q r e ceive p a ths. this calibr a tion a llow s e nh a nce d im a g e fre q u e nc y r e ject i on and improves the rssi precision. t h is cali b r a ti on p r oces s i s la u nch ed un d er the following cir c u m s t ances: ? au t o ma tic a lly at p o w e r on r e s e t or a f t e r a m an u a l r es e t of t h e c h ip ( re fer t o s e cti o n 7 . 2 ) . f o r a pp lic a ti o ns w h e r e t h e temperature remains s t able, or if the image re j e ction is not a major c oncern, this single c alibration will s u f fice. ? a u t o maticall y w h e n a p r e - d e fi n e d tem p e r atu re cha n g e i s obse r ved. ? upon user request, by setting bit ima g ecal s t a r t in regimage c al , when the devi c e is in s t a nd by m od e. not e th at in lor a tm m o d e th e cal i br a t i o n com m an d i s in a ccessibl e . t o p e rfo rm t he calib r atio n, th e r a dio mus t be r e tur n ed te m po r a r il y t o fsk/oo k m o d e fo r th e c a lib r atio n p r ocess. a s e lec t a b l e te m pe r atu re c h a n ge , se t wit h t e m pt h r e s h o ld ( 5, 10 , 15 o r 2 0 c) , i s d etect ed an d r ep o rte d i n t e mpch a ng e , if the t empera t ure monitoring is t urned on w ith t em p m o ni t o rof f = 0 . t h is interrupt flag can be used by the applicati o n to launch a n e w image calibr a tion at a convenient time if a u t o i m ag e calo n = 0, or immedia t ely when t his tem pe r atu re v a ri a ti on i s d etected , i f autoimagecal on =1. t h e cali b r a t i on p r oces s t a k es a p p r oximat ely 1 0 ms. 4.2.3.9. t imeo u t fun c tion t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) inclu d e s a t i m e ou t f u nct i on, w hich allows it to automati c ally s h u t - d o w n t h e re cei v er a f t e r a r e c e i v e s e qu e nc e a nd t h e r efo re s a v e en e r g y . ? t i m e ou t inter r u p t is generated t imeou t rx r ssi x 16 x tbit a f ter switching to rx mode if the r ssi flag does not raise within this time frame ( rs s i v alue > r ssithreshol d ) ? t i m e ou t inter r u p t is generated t i m e o u trxpre a mbl e x 1 6 x tbi t a f te r switc h in g t o r x m o d e i f t he preambledetect flag do es not raise w ithin t his time frame ? t i m e ou t inter r u p t is generated t imeou t signalsync x 16 x tb i t a f ter s wit c hing to rx mode if the syncaddress fla g d oes not raise within this time frame t hi s tim e o ut inte rr up t c an b e u s ed t o w a r n t he c o m p ani o n p r ocesso r t o sh ut d o w n t he r e c e iv er a nd r e tur n t o a l o we r p ower m od e. t o b eco me activ e, th ese time o u t s mus t als o b e en a bl ed b y setti ng th e co rr ec t rx t rigger p a r a m e t e rs in regrxco n fig: t a ble 6 6 rx t rigg e r s e ttin g s to e n able ti me o ut inter r up t s r eceiv e r t ri g geri n g event r x t r igg e r (2 : 0 ) t im e o u t o n rssi t i m e o ut on preamble t im e o u t on syn c add r ess none 000 o f f o f f acti v e r s si interrupt 001 active o f f preambl e detect 1 1 0 o f f active rssi i n t e rr u p t & preambl e detect 11 1 active active t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 50 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.4. operati n g mod e s in fsk/ook mode t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) h as s e v e r al w o rkin g m o des , ma n u a ll y p r o g r amm ed i n regopm o de . fully automated mode sele c tion, p a cke t t r a n s m issio n an d r ece p ti on i s al s o possibl e u si ng t he t o p l e ve l seq u enc er descri b e d i n s e ctio n 4.2.8. t a ble 6 7 basic t ransceiver modes mode select e d mode symbol e n a b l e d b l o c ks 000 sleep mo d e sle e p n one 001 s t a n dby m o de s t d b y t o p r e gu l ator a nd crys t a l osci l lator 010 fre q ue n cy synthesis e r to tx fr e que n cy fs t x freq u ency synt h esiz er at tx fre q ue n cy (frf) 0 1 1 t ransmit mo d e tx freq u ency synt h esizer a n d tra n smitter 100 fre q ue n cy synthesis e r to rx fr e que n cy fsrx freq u ency synt h esizer at fre q uency for r e c e ption (frf - if) 101 rece i v e mo d e rx freq u ency synt h esizer a n d r e ceiver w h e n switchi n g f r o m a m od e t o a noth er th e su b - bl ock s a r e w o ke n u p ac c o r d in g t o a p r e - defin ed o p ti mi z ed seq u enc e. 4 .2.5. s t artup t i m es t h e s t a rtu p tim e o f th e t r ansmitte r o r th e r e c e iv er i s de p en d a n t up on whic h mo de th e tr a nsc ei v er w as i n at t he b egi n ni n g. f o r a c o m p l e te d e s c ri p ti o n, fig u re 1 7 b e low shows a complete s t artup p r oce s s, from the lower pow e r mode sleep. c u rre n t drain iddr ( rx) or i ddt ( t x) iddfs idd s l iddst t i meline 0 ts_o s c ts_o s c + t s_fs ts_ o sc +ts_ f s +ts_tr ts _ osc +ts_ f s +ts _ re f s tx tra n smit s l e e p mo d e stdby m o de fsrx receive fig u re 17. s t artup process ts_osc is the s t artup time of the crys t al oscillator which depends on the electrical characteristi c s of the cr y s t a l. ts_fs is the s t a r tup time of the pll inclu d in g systematic calibr a tion of the vco. t y pica l v a lu es o f ts_os c a nd ts_ fs a re giv en i n secti on 2.3. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 51 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4. 2 . 5 . 1 . t r a n s m it t er s t a r t u p t i m e t h e tr a nsmitt er s t a r t up time , ts_tr , i s c alculated as follows in fsk mode: ts _ tr = 5 s + 1.25 paramp + 1 tbit 2 , where p ar am p i s t he r a mp - u p tim e p r o g r amm ed i n r eg pa r a m p a nd tbit is the bit time. in o o k mode, this equation c an b e si mp l i fi ed t o the f o llowin g : ts _ tr = 5 s + 1 tbit 2 4. 2.5.2 . receive r s t a r t up t i me t h e r eceive r s t a r t up time , ts_re , onl y d e p e nd s u p o n t he r e c e ive r bandwi d th e f fe c tive at the t im e o f s t a r t u p. w h en a f c is e n a b l e d ( af c au t o on =1), afcbw should be u s ed instead of rxbw to extra c t t he re c ei v er s t ar t up time: t a ble 6 8 r e ceiver s t artup ti me summ a ry rxbw if af c au t oo n =0 rx b w afc if afca u to o n = 1 ts _ re (+/ - 5%) 2.6 khz 2 .33 ms 3.1 khz 1 .94 ms 3.9 khz 1 .56 ms 5.2 khz 1 .18 ms 6.3 khz 9 84 us 7.8 khz 7 91 us 1 0 . 4 khz 6 0 1 us 1 2 . 5 khz 5 0 4 us 1 5 . 6 khz 4 0 7 us 2 0 . 8 khz 3 1 3 us 2 5 . 0 khz 2 6 4 us 3 1 . 3 khz 2 1 5 us 4 1 . 7 khz 1 6 9 us 5 0 . 0 khz 1 4 4 us 6 2 . 5 khz 1 1 9 u s 8 3 . 3 khz 9 7 us 100.0 khz 8 4 u s 125.0 khz 7 1 u s 166.7 khz 8 5 u s 200.0 khz 7 4 u s 250.0 khz 6 3 u s ts_re or later a f ter s etting the devi c e in r eceive mode, any incom i ng p a cket will be detected and demodula ted by the transceive r . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 52 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) tx m ode rx mode wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.5.3. t ime to rssi evaluation the first r ssi sample will be a v ailable ts_rssi a f ter the receiver is read y , in other words ts_re + ts_rssi a f ter the receiver was re q uested to turn on. timeline 0 t s_re t s_re +ts_rssi f s rx rx rssi irq rssi sample ready figure 1 8. t ime to rssi s a mple ts_rssi depends on the receiver b a n d wi d th, as well as the rssismoo t hing o ptio n th at w as sel e cte d. t h e fo r mu l a use d to calculate ts_rssi is pro v id e d i n s e ctio n 2.5.4. 4. 2 . 5 . 4 . t x t o r x t u rn a r o u nd time timeline 0 ts_h o p + t s _re 1 . set n ew frf (*) 2. set rx mode rx mode (*) o p ti o nal figure 19. tx to rx t u rnaround n o t e th e sp i instructio n tim es a re o m itte d, as the y c an g e ne r a lly b e v e ry s m all as c om p a re d t o o t h e r ti m in g s ( u p to 10mhz spi clock). 4.2.5.5. rx to tx timeline 0 ts_h o p +t s _ t r 1 . set n ew frf (*) 2. set tx mo d e tx mode (*) o p ti o nal figure 20. rx to tx t u rnaround t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 53 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.5. 6 . r ecei v er hopping, rx t o rx t wo me t h o d s a r e p o ssi b l e : fi r st method time l ine 0 ts _ h o p + t s _re rx m ode, cha n nel a 1. set n ew f r f 2. set r e startrxwithplllock rx m o d e , channel b second m ethod time l ine 0 ~ t s_hop rx m ode, cha n nel a 1. set fasthopo n =1 2 . s e t ne w frf (*) 3. wait for t s _ hop rx m o d e , channel b (*) r e g f rflsb m u st be written to tri g ger a frequ e ncy change figure 2 1. receiv e r hopping the second method is q u icke r , and should be u s ed if a very quick rf s ni f fing mec h a n ism is to be implemente d . 4.2.5.7. tx to tx 0 ~ paramp + t s _ hop ~ p a ra m p +ts_hop +ts_tr timeline tx mod e , channel a 1 . set new frf (*) 2. set fs t x m o de f st x set tx mode tx mod e , channel b figure 2 2 . t ransmit t er hopping 4 .2.6. re c eiver s t a r tup opti o ns t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) r eceiv er c an a utom a tic a ll y cont r o l th e g ai n o f th e r eceiv e c h ai n (agc ) a n d a d jus t th e r e c e ive r lo frequency (afc). those processes a r e car r ied o ut o n a p a cket - by - p acke t basis . t h e y occ u r: ? wh en th e r e ceive r i s t u r n e d on. ? when the receiver is res t arted upon user r e q u e s t, thr o ugh the u s e of trigger bi t s r e s t a r tr x w i t h o u t plll o ck or res t art r xwithplllock , i n reg r xconfig. ? when the receiver is automatically r e s t arted a f ter the r e ception of a valid p a c ket, or a f ter a p a c k e t collision. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 54 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet automatic res t art ca p abiliti e s are de t ailed in se c tion 4. 2 . 7 . t h e r e c e iv e r s t a r t u p o p ti on s a v a ila b le in rfm95/96/97/98(w) a r e d e s c ri b ed in t abl e 6 9 . t a ble 6 9 r e ceiver s t artup options t ri g geri n g event r ea l iz e d f u n c ti o n agcautoon afcautoon rx t r igger (2:0) none n o ne 0 0 0 0 0 r s si interrupt agc 1 0 0 01 agc & afc 1 1 0 01 preamb l edetect agc 1 0 1 10 agc & afc 1 1 1 10 r s si interrupt & preamb l edetect agc 1 0 11 1 agc & afc 1 1 11 1 w h e n agcau too n =0, the lna g a in is manual l y selected by cho o sing l n agai n bi t s in reg l n a. 4 .2.7. re c eiver res t art meth o ds t h e o p ti o n s f or r e s t a r t of th e r eceive r a r e cove r e d b e lo w . t h i s is typically of u s e to pre p are f or t he r e c e ptio n of a ne w si g n a l whose strength or car r ier frequency is di f f e r e n t from the p r eceding p a cket to allow the agc or af c t o be r e - e v a luate d. 4.2.7.1. res t art upon user req u est in receive mode the user can request a r e ceiver r e s t art - this can be useful in conju n ction with the use of a t imeo u t i n ter r u pt foll o wi ng a p e ri od o f inactivity in the channel of i nte r est . t wo o p tion s a re avail a ble: ? no change in the lo c al o s cillator upon re s t art: the afc is disa b led, and the f r f r e gister h a s n o t b e en changed through spi before the res t art instru c tio n: set bit re s t artr x w ithoutplllo c k in regrxconfig to 1. ? l o cal osci l lator change upon r e s t art: if afc is enabled ( af c au t o on = 1 ) , a nd/o r t he fr f re gi st er ha d b e en c h an g e d d u ri ng the la s t rx period: set bit r es t artrxwithplllo c k in regrxc o n fig to 1. note m odere a dy must be at logic level 1 for a n e w res t a r trx command to be t a ken into a c count. 4.2.7.2. autom a tic res t art a f ter valid p ac k et r e c e p t ion t h e bi t s au t ores t ar t rxmode in r e gs y nc c o n fig control the automatic r e s t art featu r e o f th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) r e ce ive r , whe n a v a li d p a ck et h as b e e n r eceive d: ? if a u t o r e s t a rtrxmo de = 0 0 , the fun c tion is o f f, and the u s er should m a n u a ll y r e s t a rt th e r eceive r u po n v a li d p a ck et r e c e p t ion ( s e e se c ti o n 4 . 2. 7 . 1 ). ? if a u t o r e s t a rtrxmo de = 0 1 , a f t er th e use r ha s em ptied the fifo following a paylo a dre a d y interrupt, th e receiver will a utom a tica l ly r es t a rt i t s e l f a f te r a d e la y o f interpacket r xdela y , a llowin g f or th e dis t a nt t r a n s m itte r t o r am p dow n , h ence a v oiding a fal s e r ssi detection on the ? t ail? of the previous p a c k et. ? if a u t o r e s t a rtrxmo de = 1 0 s h oul d be use d i f t he n e x t r e c e ptio n i s exp e cte d on a n ew fr e qu e nc y , i.e . f rf is c h a n g e d a f ter the r e ception of the previous p acke t . an additional d e lay is systematically a d ded, in order for the pll to lock at a n e w f r eq u e n c y . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 55 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4. 2. 7 .3. au t oma t ic r e s t a r t w h en p a c k et c o l l isi o n is d e t e c t ed in rece i v e mode the rfm95/96/97/98(w) is able to detect p a c ket collision and re s t art the recei v e r . c ollisions are detected by a s u dd en ri s e i n r e ceive d sig n a l str e ngth , d e tected by the rssi. this f unctional i t y c a n be usef ul i n n e two rk c o nfig u rati o ns where many asynchr o nous sla v es a t tem p t p e riodic communication with a single a master node. the collision detector is enabled by setting bit res t art r xoncollision to 1. the decision to r e s t art the r e ce i v er is b a sed on the detection of rssi change. the sensitivity of the s y stem c an be adjusted in 1 db ste p s by u s ing register rs s icollisionthreshold in reg r xcon f ig . 4 .2.8. t op level se q uencer depending on the applicatio n , it is d e sirable to be a b le t o ch a ng e t he m o d e of th e ci rc ui t acc o r d in g t o a p r ed e fi n e d s e qu e nc e witho u t a cc e s s t o th e se ri a l i n t e rface. in order to d e fine di f f e r ent sequ e nce s o r sc e na r ios , a use r - p r o g r amm a ble s t a t e m achin e, call ed t op l e v el s e q u ence r (se q u e nce r i n sh o rt ), ca n a u tom a tical l y c o ntr ol t he c h i p mo d es. note t h a t t h is f u ncti o nality is o n l y av aila bl e in fsk/ o ok mo d e. t h e s e q u ence r i s activ a t ed by settin g t he s e q u e n c e r s t a rt bit in re gs eqco n f i g 1 to 1 in sle e p o r s t a n d b y mo de ( c all e d initial mode). it is also p o ssible to force t he sequencer o f f by setting the s t op bit in r e gse q config 1 t o 1 at a ny ti m e. n o t e se q ue n c e r s t ar t a nd s t o p bi t mus t neve r b e se t at th e sa me t i me. 4. 2 . 8 . 1 . s e q u e n c e r s t at e s a s sh own i n th e t a ble b el o w , wit h t he aid o f a p a i r o f i n t e r r up t timers ( t 1 and t 2 ) , the sequencer can t a ke control of the chip o p e r a t ion in a ll mo d e s. t a ble 7 0 sequencer s t ates sequ e nc er state description sequenceroff state th e s e qu e nce r i s n ot activated . sen d in g a s e qu e nce r st a r t c ommand will l aun c h it. w h e n c o min g f r o m lowpow e rsele c tio n state, the sequen c er will be off, w hil s t the chip w ill r e t u r n t o it s i n iti al m od e ( eith er sle ep o r sta n db y m o de ). idle state the chip is in low - pow e r mod e , either st a nd by or slee p , as d e f in e d by idlemode in r e gse q config 1 . t he se q ue n c er wait s o n l y fo r t he t 1 interrupt. tra n smit state the transmitter in on. rec e iv e st a t e the receiver in on. pa c ke t rec e i v ed th e r e c e iv e r is on an d a p a ck e t h a s be en received. it is stored in the fifo. lowpow e rsele c tion selects low po w er s t ate ( sequenceroff o r idle s t a t e) rxtimeo ut d e fine s t he actio n t o b e take n o n a rx ti me o u t i nter r u p t. rxti m eo ut inte r ru pt c an be a timeout r xrs si , ti m eo u trxpr e am ble o r timeoutsignalsync interrupt. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 56 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.8.2. seq u e n cer t r a n sit i ons t h e tr a ns ition s betwe en s e q u ence r s t a t es a r e listed in the forthcomi n g t a ble. t a ble 7 1 sequencer t ransition optio n s v ari ab le tr an si t i o n idl e mode selects the c h ip mode d u ring i d le state: 0: stan d by m o de 1: sleep mode fr o ms t a r t contro l s the seq u encer tr a n si tion w h en the seq u encerstart bit is set to 1 in sleep or sta n dby mode: 00: to l o wp o werselect i on 01: to r e ceive state 10: to transmit state 11: to transmit state on a f i f o thr e shold i n t e rrupt l o wpow e rs e lection selects s e qu e ncer lowp o wer state aft e r a to l o w p o wersel e ct i on t ransition 0: s e que n c e roff state with c h ip on initial mo d e 1: i d le state w ith c h ip on stand b y o r sleep mode d e pen d ing on id l e m o d e note: in i t i a l m o de is t h e c h ip l o wpower mode at sequ e ncer st a r t. fr o m i d le contro l s the seq u encer tr a n sitio n from t h e id l e state on a t 1 i n t e rr u p t: 0: to t r an s mit state 1: to re c e ive state fromtra n sm i t contro l s the seq u encer tr a n sition from t h e tra ns mit state: 0: to l o wp o w e rselection on a packetsent i n terrupt 1: to re c e ive st a t e o n a packetsent interrupt fromreceive contro l s the seq u encer tr a n sition from t h e r eceive state: 00 0 a n d 11 1 : un u sed 00 1 : to p a cket r eceiv e d s t a t e o n a p a y l oa d rea d y i n t e rr u p t 01 0 : to l o wpowe r s e l e ction o n a p a y l oa d rea d y i n t e rr u p t 01 1 : to p a ck e t r eceiv e d state o n a c r co k interru p t . if crc is wrong (c o rr u pted p a cket, w ith crc on b u t crcaut o cle a ron is off), t h e p a yloa d rea d y i n t e rrupt w ill drive the se q uen ce r to rxt i m e out state. 10 0 : to sequenceroff state on a rssi interrupt 10 1 : to sequenceroff state on a syncaddress interrupt 11 0 : to sequenceroff state on a preamb l edetect i n terrupt irres p ect i ve of this sett i ng, trans i t i on to l o wpowers e l e ction o n a t2 interrupt fr omrxt i m e out contro l s the st a t e - m a chine trans i t i o n from the rec e i v e state on a rxtimeo u t interrupt (and on paylo a dre a dy i f fr o m rec e iv e = 011): 00: to r e ceive state via receiv e restart 01: to transmit state 10: to l o wp o werselect i on 11: to sequencero f f state note: r x timeout in t e r rupt is a t i meoutrxrssi , time o u trxpr e amble or t i m e outsig n alsync interrupt. frompacketrece i v e d c ontrols t h e state - mach i ne tr a n sition from the p a cket r eceiv e d s t a t e: 0 00: to sequencero f f state 0 01: to transmit o n a fif o em p ty i n terrupt 0 10: to l o wp o werselect i on 0 11: to r e ceive via fs mod e , if fre q ue n cy was cha n ged 1 00: to r e ceive state ( n o fre q uency ch a n ge) t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 57 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.8.3. t imers t wo time rs ( t im e r 1 an d t i m e r 2) a re al s o availa b le i n o r d e r t o d efin e pe r io dic se q ue n ces . t h es e time rs a re use d to g e n e r a te i n t e r r u p t s, w h ich c a n t r ig g er t r a n s itio n s of t h e s e q u e n c e r . t1 inter r u p t is generated ( t imer1resoluti o n * t imer1coe f ficient) a f ter t2 i n t e rrup t o r sequencer s tar t . com m and. t2 inter r u p t is generated ( t imer2resoluti o n * t imer2coe f ficient) a f ter t1 i n t e rrup t . the timers? m e chanism is summarized on the following dia g r a m . sequ e ncer st a r t t2 interrupt time r 2 ti m e r 1 t1 interrupt fig u re 23. ti mer1 and t imer2 mechanism no t e th e ti me r s e q ue nce is c om pl e t e d i n d ep e n d en tly o f t h e a ct u al s e q ue n c er s t a t e. th u s , b o th ti m e r s n ee d to be on to achi e v e pe r io dic cycli n g. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 58 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 7 2 sequencer t imer settings v a ri a b l e des c ription t imer1resolution reso l u tion of t imer1 00: disa b led 01: 64 us 10: 4.1 ms 1 1 : 262 ms t imer2resolution reso l u tion of t imer2 00: disa b led 01: 64 us 10 : 4.1 ms 1 1 : 262 ms t imer 1 coe f fici e n t multip l y i ng coe f fici e n t for t imer1 t imer 2 coe f fici e n t multip l y i ng coe f fici e n t for t imer2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
page 59 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.8. 4 . sequencer sta t e m a c h ine t h e foll o wi ng g r ap hs sum m a r iz e e v e r y possibl e t r a nsitio n b e tw e e n e a c h s e q u ence r s t a t e. t he seq u e n c er s t ate s a r e hi g hli gh t e d in g r e y . th e t r a n siti on s ar e r e p re se n t e d b y a r r o ws. th e c o n d iti o n a c tiv a ti n g t he m is d e sc r i b ed o v e r t h e transition arro w . for better readabilit y , the s t art tran s itions are se p a rated from the rest of the graph. t r a nsitor y s t a t es a re hi gh l ighte d i n lig h t g r e y , a nd ex i t s t ates a re r e p r e s e n t e d in re d. it is a lso p o ssi b le t o f o r c e t h e s e qu e nce r o f f b y setti ng t he s t o p bit i n r e g s e q c o n f ig1 to 1 at any t ime. se q ue n c e r : st a r t tr a n s i t i o n s se q ue n cer o f f & in i ti a l mode = s l eep or s t an d by on s e qu e nc e r s t art b i t ris i ng e d ge i f fromstart = 00 sta r t o n fif o thr e sho l d i f f r o m s t a rt = 11 if fromst a r t = 01 if fromstart = 10 lowpower selection re c eive trans m it se q ue n c e r : st a t e m ac h i n e i f l o wpowersel e ction = 1 sta n dby i f idl e m o de = 0 s l e e p if id l emode = 1 l owpower selection i f l o wpowersel e ction = 0 ( mo d e ? ? i n it i al mo d e ) sequencer off idle if frompa c k e t r e ce i ved = 0 0 0 if f r o m pac k etrec e iv e d = 0 10 on t1 if fromid l e = 0 o n t1 if from i dle = 1 packet recei v ed on p a yl o a d r e a dy if fromrec e ive = 0 10 if frompa c k e t re c ei v ed = 100 via fs mo d e i f f r o m p a c k etrec e iv e d = 0 1 1 on t2 on p a yl o a d r e ady if fromrec e ive = 0 01 on crcok if fromre c ei v e = 011 o n pay l oa d r e a d y if f romre c ei v e = 011 (c r c fa i l e d a nd crcaut o c l ear o n =0) on r x ti m e o u t receive o n rssi i f fromre c ei v e = 1 0 0 on sy n cadress i f fromrec e ive = 1 01 on pream b le if fromrec e ive = 1 10 o n pack e tsent if fromtran s mit = 1 o n packe t s e n t if f r o m r x tim e out = 10 via rece i veres t art i f fromrxt i me o ut = 00 transmit if fromtran s mit = 0 r x time o ut if from r x ti m eout = 11 if fromrxti m eout = 01 sequencer o ff fig u re 24. seque n cer s t ate mac h ine t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 60 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.9. da t a process i ng in fsk/ook m o de 4.2.9.1. block dia g r a m figure below illustrates the rfm95/96/97/98(w) da t a p r ocessing cir c uit. i t s role is to interface the da t a to/from the modulator/d e modulator and the uc access p o in t s (spi and dio pin s ). it also controls all the configur ation r e gisters. t h e circui t con t ai n s s e v e r al co nt ro l bl ock s w h ic h a re descri b e d i n th e fol l owin g p a r ag r a p hs. t x / r x c o ntrol d i o0 d i o1 d i o2 d i o3 d i o4 d i o5 data r x s y nc reco g. tx packet handler fifo (+s r ) spi nss sck mosi m i s o poten t i a l dat a pat hs (d at a o p e r at i o n m o d e d e p e n dan t ) f igure 25. rfm95/96/97/98(w) da t a proc e ssing conceptu a l v i ew t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) impl e me n t s seve r a l da t a o p e rati on mo d es , e a c h wit h t h ei r o w n d a t a p at h t h r o ug h th e d a t a p r ocessing s e ctio n. de p en d in g on t he d a t a op e r a ti on mo de selecte d, s o me control blocks are active whilst others r e main disa b led. 4.2.9.2. da t a operation mod e s t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) h as tw o di f f e r e n t da t a o p e rati on mo d e s sel e c t abl e by th e u s e r : ? co n ti n u o us m od e: e ach bit transmitted or received is a c cessed in r e al t i m e a t t h e di o 2 / d a t a pi n . th is mo de ma y b e u s ed if adequate e x ter n al signal processing is avail a ble. ? p a cket mo de ( r eco m me n de d ) : use r o nl y pr ov ides/r e t ri eve s p a yloa d by t es to/ f rom the f i f o . the p a cket is au t omatically b uil t wit h p r e a mbl e, syn c w o rd , a nd opti o na l cr c a nd dc - f r e e e nco di n g sche m e s t h e r eve r s e o pe r atio n i s p e rfo r m ed in r e cep t ion. the uc processing o v e r head is hence sig n ific an tly r e d u c e d c o m p a r ed t o c o n t in u o u s m od e. d e p en di n g on th e o ptio n a l f e atu r e s activate d (crc , etc ) t he maxim um p a y l oa d l e ngt h i s limite d t o 2 5 5 , 2 0 47 byt es or u n limited. each of the s e da t a o p e r ation mod e s is fully d e scribed in the following sections. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 61 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.10. fifo ov er vie w a n d shi f t regis t e r (s r) i n p acke t m o d e o f op e r a ti o n , b ot h da t a t o b e tr a nsmitt ed an d th at h as b e e n r e c e ive d a re sto r ed in a configura b le fifo (fir s t in first out) devi c e. it is ac cess ed vi a t he sp i inte r f ace an d p r o vi d e s s e v e r al i n t e r r u p t s fo r t r ansfe r m an a g e m e n t . the fifo is 1 b y te wide hence it o n ly perfor m s b y te ( p aralle l ) op e r a ti o ns , wh e r e a s t he d e mo d ul a t or functio ns se ri all y . a s h i f t r e giste r i s t h e r efo re em pl oye d t o inte rf ac e t he tw o d evic e s . i n tra n smi t m o d e i t t ake s by t es fr om t he fif o a nd outp u t s the m serially ( m sb fir s t) at the program m ed bit r a te to the mod u lato r . similarl y , in rx the s h i f t r e gist er ge t s bit b y bi t d a t a from the demodulator and writes them byte by byte to the fifo. t h is is illustrated in figure belo w . b y te1 b y te0 f ifo data t x / r x 1 8 sr (8bi t s ) m s b l sb fi g ure 26. fifo and shi f t register ( s r) n o t e whe n switchi n g t o sle ep m od e, t he fif o c an o nl y b e use d onc e t he m o der e ad y fla g i s set ( q u a si i mm e d ia t e f r o m all modes except from tx) the fifo size is fixed to 64 b y tes . in t er r up t so ur c es an d fla gs ? fif o e m pty : fifoemp t y inte r r u p t s o u r c e i s hi gh w h e n b yt e 0, i.e . w h ol e f i fo, is empt y . otherwise it is lo w . note that when retrie v ing da t a f rom the f i f o , fi f oe mp ty is updated on n s s f a lling edge, i . e. when fif o empt y i s u p d ate d t o l ow s t ate th e cu rr entl y s t a rte d r ea d op e r a ti on mu st be completed. in other words, fifoemp t y s t a t e mus t be c h ecke d a f t er each r e ad op e r a t ion f or a d e ci s ion o n t h e n e xt o n e ( fifoempty = 0 : mo re b yt e ( s ) t o r e a d ; fi f oe mp ty = 1: no more byte to r e a d) . ? fifoful l : fif o ful l interrupt source is high when the last fifo b y t e , i.e. the whole fifo, is full. otherwise it is lo w . ? fifooverrun f lag : fifooverrun f lag is set when a new b y te is written by the user (in tx or s t andby mod e s) or the sr (in rx mode) whi l e the fifo is already full. d a t a is lost and the flag s h ould be cleared by writing a 1, note that the fifo will al s o be clea r e d. ? packetsen t : packetsent inter r upt sou r ce goes high when the sr's last bit has been sent. ? fifolevel : th r esh old ca n b e p r o g r am m e d b y fifot h r e s h ol d in r e g f if ot h r e s h . i t s beha v ior is illustrated in figure belo w . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 62 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet fifo l ev e l 1 0 b b +1 # o f b y t e s i n fifo f igure 27. f ifol e vel irq source beh a vi o r no t es - f if o l e v e l i n t e r r u p t is u p d a t e d o nly a f t e r a r e ad o r w r it e o pe r atio n o n th e fifo . t h u s th e inte r ru pt ca n no t be dyn a micall y u p date d b y o nl y c h an g in g th e fi f o th r esh old p a r a meter - fifolevel interrupt is valid as long as fifofull does not occu r . an empty fifo will restore i t s normal operation f i fo c l e ari n g t a bl e b e lo w s u mm a rize s t he s t at u s of th e f i fo when switchi n g between di f f e r e n t mod e s t a ble 7 3 s t at u s of f ifo wh e n switc h ing be t w e en diff e rent modes of the c h ip fr om to fi f o s t atus commen t s s t dby sl e e p no t c l eared sleep s t d b y no t c l eared s t d b y/sl e e p tx no t c l eared t o al l o w t h e use r t o wri te t h e f ifo i n s t d by/s l ee p b e f o r e tx s t d b y / sle e p r x c l e a r ed rx tx cle a r e d rx s t dby /s le e p no t c l eared t o a l lo w t h e use r t o r e a d f ifo i n s t d b y/sl e e p mod e a f t e r rx t x a n y c l e a r ed 4. 2.10.1 . syn c wo rd r e c o g n iti on overview sync word recognition (al s o calle d patter n r e cog n iti o n ) i s act i v a t ed by settin g syncon in regsyncco n fi g . t h e bit synchroni z er mu s t also be a c tivated in cont i nuous mode (automa t ically done in packet mod e ). t h e bloc k b eh a v es lik e a s h i f t r e gister ; i t co nt inu o usl y c o m p ares the incoming da t a with i t s internally program m ed sync w o r d a n d se t s s y n ca d d r e s s m a t ch when a match is detected. this is illu s trated in fig u re 2 8 b e l o w . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 63 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a s heet r x d a t a (nrz) b i t n - x = s y nc_ v alue[ x ] b i t n - 1 = s y nc_ v alue [ 1] b i t n = s y nc_ v alue [ 0] dc l k s ync a d d r e ss m atch figure 2 8 . sy n c word reco g nition d u ri ng t he com p a r iso n of th e d em o dul a t ed d a t a , t he f i rs t bit r eceive d i s com p a r e d wit h bit 7 ( msb ) o f regsync v alue1 a n d t he las t bi t r e c e iv ed i s com p a r e d wit h bit 0 ( l sb ) o f th e l a s t b yt e wh ose a d d r es s i s d e t e r m i ned by the length of the sync word. w h e n th e p r og r am m e d syn c wo rd i s detecte d th e use r c an assum e t h a t thi s incomi n g p ack et i s fo r t he n o d e a n d c an be p r o c es s ed a cc or di n gl y . sy n ca d d r e s s m a t ch is cle a red when leavi n g rx or f i fo is emptied. con f igura t ion ? size: sync w ord si z e c an be set from 1 to 8 bytes (i.e. 8 to 64 bi t s) via s yn c size in regsyncconfig . in p a c ket m od e t h is f iel d i s als o use d f or sy nc wo rd g e ne r atio n i n t x m o d e. ? v al u e: t he s y nc w o rd v alue is c onfigured in s y n c v al u e ( 6 3 : 0) . i n pack et m o d e thi s fi eld i s al s o us e d fo r syn c w o rd g en e r a t ion in t x mo d e . no t e s y nc v a l u e ch o ic e s co n t a ini n g 0 x 00 b yt e s a r e n o t all o w e d p a ck et han d l er t h e p acke t h a n dle r i s th e b l oc k use d i n pack et m o de . i t s functionality is fully described in section 4.2.13. control the con t r o l block configures and contr o ls the full chip's beh a vi or acco r di ng t o t he setting s p r o g r a mme d i n th e co n fi g u r ation r e gi s te r s. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 64 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) 4 .2. 1 1. digi t al io pins mappi n g si x g e ne r a l p u r p os e i o pi ns a r e a v a ila b le o n th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) , a n d t h eir c on fi g u r a t ion in c o n t in u o u s or p a ck e t mo de is c o ntr o lle d th r ou gh regdiomapping1 an d r e gdiom a p p ing 2 . t a ble 7 4 d i o mapping, continuous mode di o x m a p pi n g s le ep sta nd by f s rx / t x rx t x 00 - s y nc a d d ress t x r e a dy 01 - rs s i / p re a m b le det e c t - 10 - r x r e a d y t x r e a d y 11 - 00 - d c l k 01 - rs s i / p re a m b le det e c t - 10 - 11 - 00 - d a t a 01 - d a t a 10 - d a t a 11 - d a t a 00 - t i m e o u t - 01 - rs s i / p re a m b le det e c t - 10 - 11 - t e m p c h a n ge / lowba t t e m p ch an ge / l o w b at 00 - t e m p c h a n ge / lowba t 01 - pl l lo c k 10 - t i m e o ut - 11 - m o d e r e a d y m o d e re ady 00 cl k o u t i f rc c l k o ut c l k o ut 01 - pl l lo c k 10 - rs s i / p re a m b le det e c t - 11 - m o d e r e a d y m o d e re ady t a ble 7 5 d i o mapping, packet mode d io x m a p p i n g sle ep st a n dby fs r x / t x r x t x 00 - pa y l o ad re a dy p a c k ets e nt 01 - cr co k - 10 - 11 - t e m pc ha n g e / l owba t t e m p c h a ng e / l owbat 00 f i f o l e v e l f i f o l ev el f i f o l ev e l 01 f i fo e m p ty f i f oe m pty f ifo e m p ty 10 f i f o f ul l f i f o fu l l f i f o fu l l 11 - 00 f i f o f ul l f i f o fu l l f i f o fu l l 01 - r x r ea dy - 10 f i f o f ul l t i m e o ut f i f o f ull 11 f i f o f ul l s y n c ad dr e s s f i f o f ull 00 f i f o e m pty f i f oe m pty fi f oe m p t y 01 - t x r ea dy 10 f i f o e m p ty f i f oe m pty fi f oe m p t y 11 f i f o e m pty f i f oe m pty fi f oe m p t y 00 - t e m pc ha n g e / l owba t t e m p c h a ng e / l owbat 01 - pll l o c k 10 - t i m e o ut - 11 - r ss i / prea m b ledete c t - 00 c l k o u t i f rc cl k o u t c l k o u t 01 - pll l o c k 10 - d a ta 11 - m o d er ea dy m od er e a d y dio0 dio1 dio2 dio3 dio4 dio5 dio5 dio4 dio3 dio2 dio1 dio0 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 65 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4 .2.12. c o ntinuous mode 4.2.12.1. gen e r a l description as illustrated in fi g ur e 2 9 , i n contin u o us m o d e th e nr z da t a t o (f r o m ) th e ( d e )m o dul a t o r i s di r ectl y access ed b y t he u c on the bidir e ctional dio2/d a t a pin. the f i fo and p acket handler are thus inactive. t x / r x co n t r o l d i o 0 d i o 1 / d c l k d i o 2 / d a t a d i o 3 d i o 4 d i o 5 d a t a rx s yn c rec og . spi n ss s c k m o s i m i s o fi g ure 29. conti n uous mo d e conc e ptual v iew 4.2.12.2. tx processi n g in t x mo d e , a s yn c h r o no us da t a cl o ck f or an ex t e r n a l uc is p r o v id e d o n d io 1 / d c l k p i n . cl o ck ti m i n g wi t h r es pe ct to t h e da t a is illu s trated in fig u r e 3 0 . d a t a is internally sampled on the rising e dg e of dcl k s o th e u c c an c h an ge logi c s t a t e a nytim e o u t si de th e g r aye d ou t s e t u p/h o l d z o n e. t _d a ta t _d a ta da t a ( nrz) dclk figure 3 0. tx proc e ssing in conti n uous mo d e n o t e th e us e of dc lk i s r e qui r e d w h e n th e m o d u la tion sha p ing is enabl e d (see section 3.4.5). t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 66 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.12.3 . rx proce s sing if t h e b it sy n c h r o ni z er is d is ab le d , t h e r a w d e mo d u la t or o u t p ut is ma de di r e c tly a v ail ab le on d a t a p in a nd n o d c l k s ig n al is provid e d . conversel y , if the bit synchroniz e r is enabled, synchronous cle a ne d d a t a a n d cl o c k a r e ma de a v a ila b le r espectivel y on dio2/d a t a and dio1/d c lk pins. d at a is sampled on the r i sing edge of d clk and updated on the f a lling edge as i l lustrated belo w . da t a ( n rz) dclk f igure 31. rx processing in c o nti n uous mode note in continuous mode it is always r e com m ended to enable the bit synch r onizer to clean the d a t a sig n al e v en if the dc lk sig n a l i s n o t us e d b y t he u c ( b i t sy nc hr o n izer is automatically enabled in packet mode). 4 .2.13. packet mode 4.2.13.1. gen e r a l description i n p a cke t m o d e th e nr z d a t a t o ( f r o m) th e ( d e )m o du l ato r i s n o t di r e ctl y acc e ss ed b y th e uc b u t stored in the fifo a n d ac c e s s e d v ia t h e spi i n t e r f a c e. in additi o n , the rfm95/96/97/98(w) p a cket handler performs sever a l p acke t ori e nte d t a sk s s u c h a s p r e a mbl e a n d syn c w o rd g e n e r a tion, crc calcul a t ion/ch e ck, white n ing / d e white n ing of d a t a , manchester e n c o din g / d eco d ing , a d d r ess filtering, e t c. t h is simplifies so f tware and reduces uc overhead by perfor m i n g t h e s e r e p e titi v e t a s ks wi thin the r f chip i t self. another impor t ant feature i s abil ity to fill and empty the f i fo in sleep/ s t dby mode, ens u ring optimum power consumption and adding more flexi b ility for the so f t w are. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 67 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet c o n t r o l d i o 0 d i o 1 d i o 2 d i o 3 d i o 4 d i o 5 d a t a rx tx sync r e c og. pa c ket h a nd l e r f i fo ( + s r ) spi n ss s c k m o s i m i s o figu r e 32. p a cket m o de conceptual v i e w no t e th e b it s y nc hr o n iz e r is a u t o ma tically enabled in packet mode. 4. 2.13.2 . p a ck et f o rm at f i x e d l e ng th p a c k e t f o rmat fixed len g th p a cket for m at is selected when bit packetformat is s et to 0 and p a yloa d le n gt h is s et to a n y v a lue g r e a t e r than 0. in applicatio n s whe r e the p a cket length is fixe d i n a d v a nce , th i s mo de o f o pe r ati on m a y be o f in t e r e s t to m ini m ize r f ov er h e ad ( no len g t h byt e fi e ld i s r eq u ir e d ). al l no d es , wh eth e r t x o n l y , r x o nl y , or tx/r x s h o u l d b e p ro g r a mm ed wit h the same p a cket length value. t h e l e ngt h o f th e p aylo ad i s limite d t o 2 04 7 by t e s. t h e l e n g t h pr o g r am m e d i n p a yloa d l e ngt h r el a t es o nl y t o t he p aylo ad whic h i n cl u de s th e m ess a g e an d t he o p ti o n al a d d r e s s b y t e. in t h is m od e, t h e p a ylo a d m u s t c o n t ain at least one byte, i.e. address or message byte. an illustration of a fixed length p a c k et is s hown belo w . it con t ains the follo w ing fields: ? p r ea m bl e ( 10 1 0...) ? syn c w o r d (n etw o r k id) ? optional address b y te ( n ode id) ? m e ss a g e d a t a ? optional 2 - by t es c r c checksum t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 68 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet op t i ona l d c f r e e da t a c od i ng cr c c heck s u m c a l c u l at i o n p re a m bl e 0 t o 6553 6 by t e s s yn c w or d 0 t o 8 by t e s ad dre s s by t e m e s s age u p t o 20 4 7 by t e s crc 2 - by t e s p ay l oad ( m in 1 by t e ) f i e l d s adde d b y t h e pac k e t h and l e r in t x an d pro c e s s e d an d r e m ove d in rx op t i o na l u s e r prov i de d f i e l d s w h i c h ar e par t o f t h e p a y l oad m e s s ag e par t o f t h e pay l oad figure 33. fix e d len g th packet f o rmat v ariabl e l e ng th pac k e t f o rmat v a riable length p a cket format is selected when bit p a cketf o rm at is s et to 1. t h is mode is use f ul in applicati o ns where the len g th of the p ac k et i s n o t k n ow n i n a d v a nc e a n d c an va ry o v er tim e. i t i s t h en n e c e ss a ry f o r t h e t r an s m itt e r t o s en d t he le ng th i n f o r ma ti o n t o g e t h e r w ith e a ch p a ck e t in o r d e r f or t h e r e c ei v er to o p e r a t e p r o p e r l y . i n t h i s mo de th e le n gt h of t he p aylo a d , in di c a te d by t he l e n g t h byte, is given by the first byte of the fifo an d is limited to 2 5 5 b yt e s . n o t e t h a t t he le n gt h byt e i t s e l f i s no t inclu d e d i n i t s calcul a ti o n . i n thi s m o de , t h e p a yload must con t ain at least 2 by t e s , i. e. l e ngt h + ad d r e s s o r m ess a g e b yte. an illustration of a variable length p a c ket is sho w n belo w . it con t ains the following fields: ? p r ea m bl e ( 10 1 0...) ? syn c w o r d (n etw o r k id) ? l en g t h byte ? optional address b y te ( n ode id) ? m e ss a g e d a t a t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 69 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet ? optional 2 - by t es c r c checksum o p t i ona l d c f re e da t a c od i ng cr c c heck s u m c a l c u l at i o n p re a m b le 0 t o 655 3 6 by t e s s yn c w or d 0 t o 8 by t e s leng t h by t e a dd r e s s b y t e m e s s age u p t o 2 5 5 by t e s c r c 2 - b y t e s p ay l oad ( m in 2 by t e s ) f i e l d s adde d b y t h e pa c k e t hand l e r in t x a n d pro c es s e d an d r e m ove d in rx opt i ona l u s e r prov i de d f i e l d s w h i c h ar e par t o f t h e pay l oad m es s ag e par t o f t h e pa y l oad figure 3 4. v ari a ble l ength p a ck e t format unlimi t e d l e ng th pac k e t f ormat unlimited length p a c ket form a t is selected when bit packetformat is s et to 0 a n d payloa d l e ngt h is s et to 0. the user can t h e n tra n smi t a nd r e c e iv e p a cke t o f a r bi t r a ry le n gt h a nd p a yloa d le n gt h register is n o t u s ed in tx/rx modes for cou n ting t he len g t h o f th e by t es tr a nsmitt e d/r e c e iv e d . in tx the d a t a is tra n smitted depending on the t x s t artcondition bi t. on the rx side the d a t a processing features l i ke a d d r es s filt e ri n g , m a nch e ste r e n c od ing an d d a t a w hit en ing ar e n o t a vail ab le if t h e sy n c p a t t e r n le ng th is s e t to z e r o ( syncon = 0 ). the filling of the fifo in this case can be controlled by the bit fifofi ll c onditio n . the crc detection in r x is al s o n ot s u pp o rte d i n thi s m o d e o f th e p acke t h a n d le r , h owev e r c r c generation in tx is ope r a ti o n al. t h e i n t e r r u p t s l i ke cr c ok & paylo a drea d y a r e n o t a v ail a ble e it h e r . an u n limited len g th p acket shown bel o w is made up of the following field s : ? p r ea m bl e ( 10 1 0... ). ? syn c w o r d (n etw o r k id ). ? optional address b y te ( n ode id). ? m e ss a g e d a t a ? optional 2 - by t es c r c checksum (tx onl y ) d c f r ee da t a e n c o di n g p r e a m b l e 0 t o 655 35 by t e s s yn c w or d 0 t o 8 by t e s a ddre s s by t e me s sa g e un l i m it e d le n g t h p a y l oad f i e l d s a d d e d b y t he pa c k e t h an d le r i n t x a n d p r oce s sed a n d r e m ove d i n rx m es s a g e pa r t o f t h e p a y l o a d o p t i o n al u s e r p ro v i d ed f i e l d s w h i c h a re p a r t of t h e p a y l o a d figure 3 5. unlimited l e ngth pack e t form a t t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 7 0 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.2.13.3. tx processi n g i n t x mo de t he p a cke t ha n dl er dyn a micall y b uild s t he p a ck et b y p e r f o r mi n g th e followi n g op e r a ti o n s on t he p a yl o a d availa b le in the fifo: ? a dd a p r og r am m abl e nu m be r o f p r e am b l e byt es ? a dd a p r og r am m abl e sy nc wo rd ? optionally calculating crc over complete p ayload field ( o p t ional length byte + o ptio n a l ad d r e s s byt e + m e ss a ge ) a n d a pp e n d in g th e 2 b yte s c h ecks u m . ? optional dc - f r e e e n codi n g o f the d a t a (m a nch e ste r o r white n in g) onl y t he p ayloa d (i nclu d i n g o ptio n a l ad d r e s s a nd len g t h f i elds) is r e q u ired to be p r o v ided by the user in the fifo. t h e t ra ns m is s ion of p a c k et d a t a is i n iti a t e d by t he p ac k et h andler only if the chip is in t x m o d e a nd t he t r ansmission c o nditio n d e fi n e d by t x s t a r tco n ditio n is fulfilled. if transmis s ion condition is not fulfilled then the p a c ket handler tran sm i t s a p r e am b l e se q ue n c e u n ti l th e con d it ion is met. this happens only i f t he p r e a mbl e le n gt h / = 0 , othe r wis e i t t r a n sm i t s a z e r o or o n e u n til the c o nd ition is m et to transmit the p a cket da t a. the tra n smiss i on condition i t self is defin e d a s : ? if tx s t a r tc o nditio n = 1, the p acket handler wai t s until the first b y te is w rit t en into the fifo, then it s t ar t s sending th e p r e am ble f oll o w e d by t h e sy n c wo r d a nd u s e r p a y lo a d ? if t x s t a r tcondition = 0, the p acket handler wai t s u n til the number of by t es writte n i n th e f if o i s e q u al t o th e n u mb er d e fined in r e gfifo t h r es h + 1 ? if the condition for tran s mi s sion w as a l ready fulf illed i.e. the fifo w as filled in sleep/ s t dby t h en the transmis s ion of p acke t s t a r t s imme di atel y o n e na b lin g tx 4.2.13.4. rx proce s sing i n r x m od e th e p a cke t h a ndl e r extr a c t s t he use r p a y lo a d to t h e f i f o by p er fo rm ing t he f o ll o wing op e r a t io n s: ? receivi n g t he p r ea m bl e a n d st ri p p in g i t o f f ? detecting the sync word and strip p ing it o f f ? optional dc - f r e e d e codi n g of da t a ? option a ll y ch e cki ng t he a d dr ess byte ? optionally che c king c rc and reflecting the result on crco k . onl y t he p ayloa d (i nclu d i n g o ptio n a l ad d r e s s a nd len g t h fi el ds ) i s m ad e av aila b le i n th e fifo. w h e n th e r x m o d e i s e na b le d t he d e mo d ul a t or r eceive s th e p re am ble f o llo w ed by t h e de te c t i on of s y nc word. if fixed l e n g t h p ack et f o rm at i s en a bl ed th en th e nu m be r of b yt es r eceiv ed a s th e p aylo ad i s give n b y th e paylo a dl e n g th p a ra m e t e r . i n va ri abl e l e ngt h m o d e t he fi rst byt e r ecei v e d a f t er t he syn c w o r d i s i n t e r p r e t ed as the len g th of the received p a cke t . the internal length counter is initialized to this r e ce i v ed length. the payloa d l e ngt h regis ter is s et to a v alue which is greater t h a n t he m a ximu m exp e cte d le n gt h of t he r eceiv ed p acket . i f t h e r eceive d le n gt h i s g r e ate r t h a n th e maxim um le n gt h sto r ed in p a yloa d le n gt h r egiste r th e p a cke t i s d i sca r d ed oth erwi s e the c omplete p a c ket is received. i f t he ad d r e s s chec k i s e n abl e d the n t he s e c o n d b yt e r eceive d i n c a s e of va ri a b l e len g t h an d fi r s t byt e i n c a s e o f fixed l e n g t h i s t he a d d r es s byt e. i f th e ad d r e s s m a tch es t o th e o n e i n th e n o dea d d r es s fi el d , r e c e ptio n o f t he d a t a c o ntin u e s otherwise it's st opped. the c r c c h ec k i s p e rfo r m ed i f cr c on = 1 and the result is a v ailable in cr c ok i n di c a t ing t h a t t h e t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 71 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet crc w as s uc c e s sful. an interrupt ( paylo a dre a d y ) i s al s o g e ne r ate d o n dio 0 a s so on as the p a yload is avail a b le in the f i f o . t h e p aylo ad avail a bl e i n th e f if o c an als o b e r e ad i n slee p / s t a n d b y m od e. if the crc fails the paylo a drea d y inter r u p t is n o t generated and the f i fo is cl e a r ed . t h i s f u ncti on ca n b e ov er ri d d e n by se t ting c r cautocle a rof f = 1, forcing the avai lability of p a yl o adr e ad y interrupt and the p ayload in the fifo e v en if the crc fail s . 4. 2.13.5 . h a ndli n g l a r ge p a ck e t s w h e n paylo a dl e n g t h exceeds fifo size (64 b y t e s) whe t h e r in fixed, variable or u n limited length p a cket for m at, in addition to packetsent in tx and p a yloa d r e a dy or c rc o k in rx, the f i fo inter r up t s/flags can be used as described bel o w: ? f or tx: fifo c an be prefilled in sle e p/ s t andby but must be refill e d on - the - fly during tx w ith the rest of the p a yload. 1) pre - fill fifo (in sleep/ s t andby f i rst or directly in tx mode) until fifot h r e s h ol d or fifofull is set 2) in tx, wait f or fifot h r e s h ol d or fifoemp t y t o be set (i.e. f i fo is nearly empty) 3) w r ite bytes into the fifo until fi f othreshold or fi f o fu ll is set. 4) c o ntinu e t o st ep 2 unti l th e e n ti re m e ss a g e h a s b e e n w r itt en t o th e fif o ( packet s ent will fire w hen the last bit of the p a cke t ha s b e e n se n t ). ? f or rx: fifo must be unfilled o n - the - fly during rx to prevent fifo o v errun. 1) s t a rt r e a d i n g b y tes f r om the f i f o w he n fi f oe mp ty is c le a r e d or fifot h r e s h ol d becomes set. 2) s u s p e n d r e a d i n g fr o m t h e f i f o if fifoempty fir e s before all b y tes of the message h a ve been r e ad 3) con t inue to step 1 until paylo a dre a d y or crc o k fi r e s 4) re ad al l r e mai n in g b yte s f r o m th e f if o eithe r i n r x o r sl e e p / s t a n d by m o de 4.2.13.6. packet filtering t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) p acke t h an d le r o f fe rs s e ver al m e cha n is ms f o r p acket fil tering, ensu r ing that only useful p a cke t s a r e made availa b le to the uc, r e d u cing significantly s y st e m p ow e r c o n s u mp ti o n a n d so f tware complexi t y . sync w o rd based sync word filtering/recognition is used for identifying the s t art of the p a yl o a d a n d al s o fo r n e two rk i d e n tificatio n. as p r e v io u sly de sc r ib e d, t h e s ync w o rd r e c o g n i tio n bl oc k i s co nf igu r e d (size , v a lue ) i n r e gs y n c co n fig a nd r e gs y n c v al u e ( i) r e gi s te r s. t his in f o rm a t i o n is u s e d , bo th f o r a p p en ding sync word in t x , and filtering p a cke t s in rx. every r e ceived p acket which does not s t art with this locally confi g u r ed sync word is automa t ic a ll y di sc a rd ed a nd no i n ter r u pt i s ge n e r ated. when the sync word is dete c ted, p a ylo a d r e c e ptio n a utom a tic a ll y s t a r t s a nd sy nc a d d r ess m atc h is asser t ed. n o t e sy nc wo rd valu e s co n t ai ni n g 0x0 0 byt e (s ) a r e fo r bi d den t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 72 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet add r es s ba s e d ad d r e ss fil t e r ing c a n be e n a b l e d via t he a ddressfiltering bi t s. i t ad ds a n othe r l e ve l of f i lt e ri n g , a b ov e sy nc w o r d (i . e. sync m u st match fir s t), typ ically u s e f ul in a multi - node networ k s w h er e a netwo rk i d i s sh a re d b e tw e e n al l n od es (syn c wo r d ) a n d e ac h n o d e h as i t s ow n i d ( a d d r e ss). t wo ad d r e s s b a s ed filt e rin g optio ns a r e a v a ilabl e : ? ad dr es sf ilte r i n g = 0 1 : r e c e iv e d a d d r e s s f ield is c o m p a r ed w ith in t e r n a l r e g is t er nod e add r es s . if they ma t ch then t he p acke t i s accept ed an d p r o c es s e d , o t h e r w i s e i t i s d i sca r d e d. ? ad dr es sf ilte r i n g = 1 0 : r e c e iv ed a d d r es s fi eld i s co m p a r ed wit h inte r na l r e giste rs n o d e a d d r e s s a nd b r o a d c a s ta d d r e s s . i f ei t h e r i s a m a tc h, th e r eceive d p a cke t i s ac c e pte d a n d p ro c e s s e d, o t h e r w ise it is d i s c a rded. this additional check with a c o n s t an t is u se f ul f o r i mp le me n t ing b r oa d cas t i n a m u lti - n o d e n etw o rks ple a se note that the r e ceived address b y te, as p art of the p a ylo a d , i s n ot st ri p p e d o f f t he p a cke t a nd i s m a d e avail a bl e in the fif o . in addi t ion, n o d e a d d r es s an d addressfiltering o n ly apply to rx. on tx side, if address filtering is e x p e cted, the a d d r e s s byte should simp ly be put into the fifo like any o t h e r b y te of the p a yload. a s a d dr ess filt e ri ng r e qui r e s a sy nc wo rd match , both fea t u r es share t h e same interrupt flag sy n ca d d r e s s m a t c h . l en g t h bas e d in variable length packet mode, paylo a dl e n g t h m u s t b e p r o g ra m me d wit h t he m ax i mu m p aylo ad len g t h p e r mitt e d . if r e c ei ved len g t h b y t e i s s mall e r t h a n t hi s ma xi m um t h e n the p a cket is accep t ed and processed, otherwise it is discarded. please note that the received l e ngth byte, as p a rt of the p a y load, is not str i p p e d o f f th e p a ck et a n d i s m a d e a v a ilabl e i n the f i f o . t o di s a bl e thi s f u nctio n th e u s er sho u l d s et th e va l u e o f t he paylo a dl e n g t h t o 2 0 4 7. crc based the crc check is enabled by setting bit cr c on in r e g p a c ke t c o n f ig 1 . it is used for checking the integrity of the mes sag e . ? on tx side a two byte crc checksum is calcul a t ed on t h e p a yl o a d p a rt o f th e p acke t a n d a p p e nd ed t o t he en d o f the mes s age ? on r x side the che c ksum is cal c ulated on t he re c eived p a yload and com p ared wi t h the t wo checksum bytes received. t he r es u lt of t h e c o m p a r is o n is s to re d in b it cr c o k. b y d efault , i f t he cr c c h ec k f a il s t h e n t he fif o i s auto m atic a ll y cl e a r e d an d n o int er r u p t is generated. t h is filte r ing functi o n c an b e disa b l e d vi a crcautoclearoff bit and in this case, even if crc f a ils, the fifo is not c leared and only paylo a dre a dy interrupt goes high. please note that in both c a s es, the t wo c rc checksum b y tes a r e stripped o f f by the p a c ket handler and only the p a y load is made available in the fifo. t w o crc imple m en t ations are s elected with bit crcwh ite ni n g t y p e . t a ble 7 6 c r c description crc t y pe cr c w h it e n i n g t y p e polynomial seed v a lue compl e mented c c i tt 0 (d ef a u lt) x 16 + x 1 2 + x 5 + 1 0x1d0f y e s ibm 1 x 16 + x 1 5 + x 2 + 1 0 xf f ff no a c co d e i m pl em e n t a tion o f e a ch c r c t ype is proposed in application section 7. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 73 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4. 2.13.7 . dc - f r ee d a t a m e c h anisms t h e p ayl o a d t o be t r a n s m itte d ma y con t ain lo ng se q ue n c es of 1's and 0's, which i n troduces a dc bias in the transmitted si g nal . th e r a dio sign a l th us p r o duce d ha s a n o n unifo rm p o w er distri b utio n o v er th e o ccu pi e d ch a nn el ba n dwi d t h. i t a l so i n tro d uce s d a t a d e p en d e n ci es i n th e no r ma l op e r a ti on of t he d e mo d u lato r . thus it is useful i f the tra n smitted d a t a is r a ndom a n d dc fr ee . f o r such p u rposes, two techniq u es are made ava i lable in the p a cke t h a ndl e r : ma n c h este r e ncodi n g a nd da t a w h it e ni n g. n o t e o n l y o ne o f t he tw o m etho ds ca n be e n abl e d a t a ti m e . m an c he s t er e n coding m anc h est er e n c o di n g/deco d in g i s e n abl e d i f dc fr ee = 01 and can only be u s ed in packet mode. t h e nr z d a t a i s c o nve r te d t o ma n c h este r co de b y c o din g ' 1 ' a s 1 0 a n d ' 0' as 0 1 . in this case, the maximum chip ra t e is the maximum bit rate given in the specifications section and the actual bit rate i s h a lf the c h i p r a t e. m anc h est er enco d in g a nd d eco di n g i s onl y ap p lie d t o th e p ayloa d a n d cr c ch e cksu m w h il e pr e am b l e an d syn c wo rd a r e kept nrz. howeve r , the chip r at e f r o m p re a mbl e t o cr c i s th e sam e a n d d e fi n e d b y b itr a te in regbitrate (chip rate = bit r ate n rz = 2 x bit rate manchester). manchester encoding /de c oding is thus made trans p a rent for the use r , who s till provide s /retrie v es nrz da t a to/from the f i f o . 1 /b r ... s y nc 1 /b r p a y load... rf chips @ br ... 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ... u se r/nrz b i ts t m ancheste r o ff .. . 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ... u se r/nrz b i ts m ancheste r o n .. . 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ... d a t a whi t e n i ng figure 3 6. manc h est e r e n co d ing/decodi n g a n oth er t e c h ni q u e c a lle d white n in g o r scr a mbli n g i s widel y u s e d fo r r an d omizin g th e u s er da t a b efo re r a di o t r a n s m issi o n . t h e d a t a i s white n e d usin g a r a n d o m se q ue n c e o n t he t x sid e a n d de - whiten e d on th e r x si de u si ng th e s a m e se q ue n ce. co m p ar ing to ma n c h e st e r t e c h ni qu e it h as t h e a d v an t a g e of k e e p ing nrz da t a rate i.e. actual bit rate is not halve d . t h e white n in g / d e - w h i t e ni ng p r oces s i s en a bl ed i f dc fr ee = 1 0 . a 9 - bit l f s r i s use d t o g e n e rat e a r a n do m s e qu e nce . the p a y load and 2 - by t e c rc checksum is then x o red w ith t his random s equence as s hown belo w . the da t a is de - whitened on the r e ceiver side by xoring with the same random sequence. pa y load whitening/de - w hitening is thus made trans p arent for the use r , who still provides/ r etrieves n rz da t a to/from the f i f o . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 74 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet lf s r p o l y no m i a l = x 9 + x 5 + 1 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 0 t r a n s m i t d a t a w h i t e n e d d a t a figure 3 7. da t a w h itening polynomial 4. 2.13.8 . b e aco n tx m o de in some short range wireless netwo r k top o logies a repetitive m ess a g e, als o kn own as be a c o n , i s t r ansmitte d pe r io di c a lly by a trans mitte r . the bea c on tx mode a llows for the re - transmission of the same p a c ket witho u t having to fill the fifo multiple times with the s ame da t a . w h e n b e aco n o n in r e gp a c k et c o n fi g 2 is s et to 1, the fifo c an be filled only on c e in s leep or s t dby mode with th e r e q u ired p a yload. a f ter a fir s t transmissio n , f i f o e m pt y will go high as usual, but the fifo content will be restored w hen the chip exi t s t r ansmit mode. fifoemp t y , fifofull an d fi f o leve l fla gs a re als o r estor e d . t h is f e a t u r e is o n ly a v ail a ble in fi x ed p a c k e t f o rm at, w ith th e paylo a d le n gt h s m alle r th an t he fi fo size . th e co n t r o l o f the c h i p m o de s ( tx - sle e p - tx.... ) ca n eithe r b e u n de r t ake n b y th e mic r oco n troll e r , or be a utom a t ed i n t he t o p seq u ence r . see ex am ple i n s e cti on 4.2.1 3 . 8 . the bea c on tx mode i s exited by setting b e a c o n on t o 0, a n d clea r in g t he fif o b y s e ttin g fif o o v e r r un to 1. 4 .2.14. io - hom e control ? com p a tibility mode t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) f e atu r e s a io - ho m eco n t r o l ? c om p atibility mode. p lease c on t a c t y o ur local hope rf represen t at i v e for de t ails on i t s implemen t a tion. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 75 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 4.3. spi i n terface t h e sp i inte rf ac e give s a cces s t o t he c o nfig u r a ti on re gi st er vi a a sy nc hr o n o u s full - d u ple x pr ot oco l c o r r esp o ndi n g to cpo l = 0 and cpha = 0 in m o tor o la/fr e e s cale n o menclatur e . only the slave side is i m ple m ented. t h r e e acces s m od es t o th e r egiste rs a re p r ovid e d : ? singl e ac c e ss : a n a d d r es s byt e foll o w ed by a da t a byt e i s se nt f or a w r it e acces s whe r e as a n ad d r e s s b yt e i s s e n t a nd a r ea d byt e i s r e c e iv ed f or t he r e ad a ccess . t he ns s pin g oe s lo w a t t he b egi n ni ng of t he f r am e a n d go es hi gh a f te r t he da t a byte. ? bur st access: the address byte is followed by sever a l d a t a b y te s . th e a d dr ess is a u t o ma t i cally incremented internally b e twe e n e a ch da t a byte. this mode is avail a ble for b o th r e a d a n d writ e accesses . t he ns s pi n g o es lo w a t t he begi n n ing of the frame a n d s t ay low between each b y t e . i t g o e s hi g h o nl y a f t e r th e l a s t byt e t r ansfe r . ? fifo ac c e s s: if the address b y te cor r e s ponds to the address of the fifo, then s u c ceeding da t a byte will address the fifo . th e a d d r es s i s no t a utom a tic a ll y incr e me n t ed b u t i s m e mo ri ze d an d d o e s n o t n e e d t o b e se nt b etwee n e a c h d a t a b yte . th e ns s pi n g o e s lo w at th e b e gi nni n g o f t he f r a me an d s t ay l o w be tw e en e a c h b y t e . it g o e s hi g h o n ly a f t e r t h e last byte transfe r . the figure b e low shows a typical spi single access to a registe r . fig u re 38. spi ti ming dia g ram (single access) mosi is generated by th e ma s ter on the falling edge of sck and is s ampled by the slave (i.e. this spi interface) on the rising edge of sck. miso is generated by the sla v e on the falling edge of sc k . a tra n sfer is always s t arted by the nss pin g o ing lo w . m is o i s hig h imp e da n c e w h e n ns s i s hig h . the first byte is the address byte. it is comprises: ? a w n r bi t , w hi c h is 1 f o r wri t e a c ce s s an d 0 f or r e a d a c c e ss. ? then 7 bi t s of address, msb fir s t. the second byte is a da t a byte, either s en t o n mos i b y t he maste r i n cas e o f a writ e a cces s o r r eceiv ed b y t he m a ste r on m is o i n c a s e of r ea d ac c e ss . t h e d a t a byt e i s tr a nsmitte d ms b fi rs t. p r oce e di ng byte s m ay b e s e n t o n mos i ( f or w r it e access ) or r eceiv ed o n mis o (f o r r e a d access) without a rising nss edge and re - sending the addre s s. in fifo mode, if the address was the fifo addre s s then the b y tes will be written / read at the fifo address. in bur s t mode, if the address was not the fifo a d d r e s s, then it is a u tomatically increme n ted for each n e w b y t e r e c e i v e d . t h e fr a m e en ds wh en ns s go es hi g h . t h e n e x t f r am e m us t s t a rt wit h a n a d d res s b yt e. th e singl e acces s m o d e is t h er ef or e a s p ecia l cas e o f f i fo / burs t m o d e wit h o n l y 1 d a t a byt e t r a n sf e r r ed. d u ri ng th e w r it e a ccess , t he b yt e t r ansfe r r ed fr om th e s l av e t o th e m a ste r o n th e mis o lin e i s t he val ue of t he written r e gi s ter b e f o r e t h e wri t e o p e ra tio n . wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 76 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) 5. rfm95/96/97/98(w) analog & rf frontend electronics 5.1. power supply s t rategy t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) em pl oy s a n inte r na l v o l t ag e r e g u latio n s c heme which provid e s s t a b le o p e r ating vol t age, and h e n c e d e vice characteristics, over the full i n dustri al te m pe r atu re a nd o p e r atin g vol t a g e r an ge o f op e r a ti o n . t hi s i n clud e s u p to +17 db m o f r f o utpu t p o w er whi ch i s m a in t a ine d f r o m 1. 8 v t o 3. 7 v a n d +2 0 dbm f r o m 2. 4 v t o 3.7 v . t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) ca n b e p owe r e d f r o m a ny l o w - n o is e v o l t a ge sou r c e vi a pi ns vb a t _ ana , vb a t_r f a n d vb a t _ di g . decoupli n g ca p acitors should be connected, as suggested in th e r efe r enc e desi g n of t he a pplic a ti o n s secti on of t h is document, on v r _ p a, vr_dig and v r _a n a pins to en s ure co r r e c t o p e r atio n o f th e b u ilt - in vol t a g e r eg u lato r s . 5.2. low battery detector a l ow b att e r y d e t e ct or i s als o incl u de d allowi n g th e g en e r a ti on of an inter r u p t signal in response to the supply vol t a g e d r o p pi n g b e l o w a p r o g r amm a b le t h r e s h o ld t h at is a d j u s t a ble t h r ou gh t h e r e g is t er re g lowba t . the inter r u p t signal can be m ap p e d t o a ny of th e di o pin s b y pr o g r am m in g reg d iomappin g . 5.3. frequency synthesis 5 .3.1. crys t al oscillat o r the cr y s t a l o s cillato r is the m a in timing reference of the rfm95/96/97/98(w) . it is u s ed as the r e feren c e for the p l l ? s frequency synthe s is and as the clo c k sign a l for all digi t a l process i ng. the crys t al os c illator s t artup time, ts_os c , depends on the ele c tri c al chara c teris t ics of the c ry s t al reference used, for more information on the electri c al specification of the cry s t a l see se c tion 2.3. the cr y s t a l con n ec t s to the pierce oscillator on pins x t a and xtb. the rfm95/96/97/98(w) o p timizes the s t artup time a n d automat i c ally tr iggers the p ll when the oscillator signal is s t able. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 77 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) f = xo s c wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 5 .3.2. clkout out p ut t h e r e fer e nc e f r e q ue n c y , o r a fr a ctio n of it , c an be p r ovide d on dio 5 ( pi n 1 3) b y m odifyin g bi t s c lk o ut in r egdiomapping 2 . t wo typical applic a t ions of the clkout o u tput inclu d e: ? t o provide a clock output for a c om p anion processo r , thus sa v ing the cost of an additional oscillato r . clko u t c an be m a d e a v a ila b le i n a ny o p e r atio n m o d e e xce pt sle ep mode and is a u tomatically enabl e d at power on r e set. ? t o provide an o s cillator referen ce output. mea s urement of t h e clko u t s ignal enables s im p le so f tware t r imming of the initial cr y s t al tolerance. n o t e t o minimiz e th e cu r r e n t c o nsum p t i o n o f t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) , pl e a s e e nsu re tha t t he clkou t sign a l i s disa b l ed whe n n o t re q ui r e d. 5 .3.3. pll the lo c al o s cillator of t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) is deri v ed from two almost identical fractional - n plls that are r e ferenced to the cr y s t al oscillator c i rcuit. both plls fea t ure a programmable bandwi d th s etting where one of four dis c rete preset bandwi d ths may be accessed. t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) pl l use s a 19 - bi t sigm a - d el t a mo d ulat o r wh o s e fre q u e nc y res o lution , co n s t a n t ove r th e w h ole f r eq u e n c y r a ng e, i s give n by: f st e p --------- - ---- - - 2 19 t h e ca r ri er fre q u e nc y i s pr o g r am m e d th r ou gh reg f r f , spli t acr o s s a d dr es s es 0x0 6 t o 0 x 0 8 : f r f = f ste p fr f (2 3 , 0 ) note the frf setting is s plit across 3 byt e s . a c hange in the center frequency w ill only be t a ken into account when the lea s t s ignificant byte frflsb in regfr f lsb is written. this all o w s th e p o t e nti a l fo r us er ge n e r atio n of m - a ry fs k at ve ry l ow bi t r a t e s . t hi s i s p o ssibl e whe re f r eq u e n c y m o dul a t io n i s a c hi eve d b y di r ec t p r o g r a mmin g o f the p r o g ra m me d r f cent re f r e q u e nc y . t o en a bl e thi s f u n cti on ali t y s e t t h e f a s t ho po n bit of r eg ist e r r e gpll h o p . 5 .3 .4. rc oscill a tor al l ti mi n g o p e r a ti o n s i n t he low - p o w er sl e e p s t a t e o f th e t op l eve l s e q u ence r r el y o n t he ac c u r a c y o f th e inte r n al low - power r c os c i llato r . this os c illator is automatically c alibr a ted at the devi c e power - up not requi r ing any user input. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 78 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 5.4. t ransmitter descri p tion t h e t r a n s m itte r of rfm95/96/97/98(w) com p rise s th e fr e qu e nc y sy n t h esize r , mo d ulato r ( bot h lor a tm a n d fsk/ook ) a nd p ower a mp li f ier b lo c ks, t o g e t he r w ith t h e dc bi a si n g a n d r am pi n g f u n c ti o n a lity t h at is pr ovi de d t h r o u g h t h e vr _ p a bl o c k . 5 .4.1. archit e cture descript i on the a r chitecture of the rf fro n t end is shown in the follo w ing diagram. fi g ur e 40 . r f fr o nt - e n d a r c h it ec t u r e s h ow s th e inte r n al p a co n fi g u r ation. 5 .4.2. rf power a mplif i ers p a _h f a nd p a _l f a re hi g h e f fici e nc y am p lifi e r s ca p a ble of yi el din g r f p owe r p r o g ra m ma b l e i n 1 db st e p s f r o m - 4 to + 1 4db m di r e ctl y int o a 5 0 oh m loa d wit h l ow cu r r e n t c o nsu mpt ion . p a _ lf c o ver s th e l o w er b an ds ( u p t o 5 2 5 m hz ), whilst p a_hf will c o v er the upper b a nds (from 860 mhz). the o u tput power is sen s itive to the power supply vol t age, and t y pi c ally th e ir p er fo rm a n ce is e x p r e s s e d at 3 . 3 v . p a_hp ( h igh power ) , connected to the p a _boost pin, covers all frequency bands that the chip a d d r esses. it p e r m i t s c o ntinu o u s o p e r atio n a t u p t o +1 7 dbm a nd d u ty cycled operation at up to +20 d bm. for full de t ails of operation at +20dbm pl e a s e c o ns u lt se c ti o n 5.4.3 t a ble 7 7 power amplifi e r mo d e selecti o n t ruth t able paselect mode p o w e r r a nge p o ut f or m u l a 0 p a _h f o r p a _ l f o n r f o _ h f o r rfo_lf - 4 to + 1 5d bm p o ut=pmax - (15 - outputpower) pm a x = 1 0 .8 + 0 . 6*m a xp o we r [ d bm] 1 p a_hp on p a_boos t , a n y freq u ency + 2 to + 1 7dbm p o u t = 17 - ( 1 5 - o u tputpower) [dbm] n o t es - f or +2 0 db m r estriction s o n o pe r a t ion please consult the fo l lowing section. - t o ensu r e cor r e c t operation at the highest power levels ensure that the cur r ent limiter ocp t rim is adjusted to permit delive r y of the req u isite supply cur r e n t. - if t h e p a _b oo st pin is n o t u s ed it m ay be l e f t fl oa ti n g. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 79 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & s ensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 5 .4.3. hi g h power + 2 0 dbm operation the rfm95/96/97/98(w) ha v e a h i gh power + 20 dbm ca p a bility on p a_ b o o st pin, with the following s ettings: t a ble 7 8 high power se t tings r e g i s t er addr e s s v a l u e for high p o wer defaul t v a lue p a _ hf/ l f or +1 7 dbm de s c ription r e gpad a c 0 x 4 d 0x87 0x84 se t pma x t o + 20 d b m f o r p a _hp n o t es - hig h p o w er setti n g s mus t be t u r n e d o f f w h e n u si ng p a _ lf or p a_ h f - the over current pro t e c tion limit sho u ld be adapted to the a c tual p o wer l e vel , in regocp s pecific absolute maximum ratings and o pe r atin g r a ng e restrictio ns a p pl y t o th e + 20 db m o p e r ation . th ey a r e liste d in t a b le 7 9 a n d t a ble 8 0. t a ble 7 9 op e rating r a nge, + 20dbm oper a tion symbol d esc r i p ti on min max unit dc _ 20 d bm d u t y cycl e o f tr a n sm i ss i o n a t + 2 0 db m ou t put - 1 % vsw r _20 d bm maximum vswr at a n ten n a p o rt, + 2 0 dbm o u t p ut - 3 :1 - t a ble 8 0 op e rating r a nge, + 20dbm oper a tion symbol d esc r i p ti on min max unit vdd o p_ 2 0dbm su p pl y vol t ag e , + 2 0 db m o u t p ut 2 .4 3 .7 v the duty cycl e of transmission at +20 dbm is limited to 1% , wit h a m a xi m u m vsw r o f 3 : 1 at a n t e nn a p o r t , ove r the s t a nd a r d o pe r atin g ra n g e [ - 4 0;+85 c] . fo r a n y othe r op e r a t ing c on di t io n , c o n t a ct y o u r hope rf re p r e s e n t a t iv e . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 80 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 5 .4.4. over current protecti o n t h e p o w er a m plifie rs o f rfm95/96/97/98(w) a r e p r otected again s t current over sup p ly in ad ve r s e r f loa d co n ditio ns b y t he over current protection block. this has the added benefit of protecting battery chemi s tri e s with limited peak current c a p ability a n d m i n imi s ing w o rst ca s e p a c on su mp ti o n in b a t t e r y life c a l c ulation. the current limiter value is controlled by the o c p t rim bi t s in regoc p , and is calcul a t ed accordi n g to the follo w ing formulae: t a ble 8 1 t rimming o f the ocp c u rr ent oc p t rim i m a x i ma x f o r mu la 0 to 15 4 5 t o 1 2 0 ma 4 5 + 5 * oc p t rim [ma] 1 6 to 27 13 0 to 2 4 0 ma - 3 0 + 10 * ocp trim [ma] 27+ 240 ma 2 4 0 ma note imax se t s a limit on the cur r e n t drain of the p o wer amplifier o n l y , h e n c e the maximum current drain of the rf m 96/ 7 7 / 7 8 is equal to imax + i f s . 5.5. receiver descripti o n 5 .5.1. overvi e w t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) fe a t u r es a di gi t al r eceive r wit h th e a n alo g to digi t al con v e r sion process being performed directly f o llowin g th e lna - mi x e r s bl o c k . i n a d ditio n t o t he lora t m m o dul a t i o n sch e m e th e low - i f r e c e iv er i s a b l e t o d e mo d ul a te ask, ook, (g)fsk and (g)msk modulation. a l l filtering, d e modulation, gain contr o l, synchronization and p acket handling is performed digi t ally allowing a high degree of programmable flexi bilit y . the receiver al s o has au t omatic gain calibration, this imp r oves the p r ecision of rssi measureme n t and enhances image rejection. 5 .5.2. re c eiver enab l ed and re c eiver active s t ates in t h e r e c ei v er o pe r a ti n g mo de t w o s t a t es of f u n c ti o n a lity ar e de fin ed . u po n i n iti a l t r a n si t ion to r e c e iv e r op e r a t ing m o d e t h e r e c e iver is in t h e ? r e c eiv er - e n a bl ed ? s t a t e. i n t h is s t a te t he r e c e iver aw a i t s f o r e it h er the u s er de fi n ed valid p r e am ble or r s si d etectio n crite r io n t o b e fulfilled . onc e m et t he r e c e iv er e n t e r s ? receiver - a ctive? s t ate. in t h is s e c o nd s t a t e t h e r e c e iv e d si g na l i s p r ocess ed b y th e p a c ket en g in e a nd to p leve l s e q u ence r . f or a co m plet e descri p tion of the digi t al fun c tions of the rfm95/96/97/98(w) r eceive r ple a s e s ee secti on 4 of the da t a she e t. 5 .5. 3. aut o matic gain control in fsk/ook mode t h e agc f e a t u r e a ll o ws r e c ei v er to h an d l e a wid e r x i n pu t dyn a mi c r a ng e f r o m th e s ensiti v ity level up to maximum input level of 0 d bm or mor e , whilst optimizing the system lin e a rit y . the following t a ble shows typi cal nf and iip3 perf o r ma n c es fo r th e rfm95/96/97/98(w) lna g a in s avail a ble. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 81 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 8 2 lna gain control and p e rform a nces rx in p u t level (pi n ) g a in se t ting l n a g a i n relative lna g a i n [ d b] nf low e r/high e r b a nd [db] i i p3 lower/higher b a nd [ d bm] p i n <= ag ct hre sh 1 g1 ? 0 0 1 ? 0 d b 5 / 7 - 2 2 / - 1 2 ag c t h res h1 < p in < = a gc t h r es h2 g2 ?0 1 0 ? - 6 db 9/ 1 1 - 1 5 / - 8 ag c t h res h2 < p in < = a gc t h r es h3 g3 ?0 1 1 ? - 12 db tbc ag c t h res h3 < p in < = a gc t h r es h4 g4 ? 1 0 0 ? - 2 4 db ag c t h res h4 < p in < = a gc t h r es h5 g5 ? 1 10 ? - 2 6 db ag c t h res h5 < p in g6 ? 1 1 1 ? - 48 db 5 .5.4. rssi in fsk/ook mode t h e rss i p r o vi d e s a me as ur e o f t he inco mi n g sig n a l p o w er at rf inp u t port, measured within the receiver bandwi d th. the si g na l p o w e r is a v ail ab le in rs s i v alu e . this value is absolute in u n i t s of dbm a n d wit h a r esol u ti on o f 0. 5 db. t he fo r mula b el ow r elate s th e r e giste r val ue t o t he abs ol u t e inp u t signal level at the rf inp u t p o rt: rssivalue = ? 2 ? rf level [ db m ] + rssioffse t [ d b ] t h e rssi v al u e c a n be c o mp e n s a t e d to t a ke i n to a cc ou nt t h e l o ss in the m a t c hi n g n e t w o r k o r e ven the g a in of a n a d ditional lna by using r ssi o f f se t . t he o f fs et c an b e chose n i n 1 d b st e p s fr om - 1 6 t o + 15 db . whe n com p ensatio n is a p plied, the e f fecti ve signal str e n g th is read as follows: rssi [ db m ] = ? rssivalue 2 t h e rss i v a lu e i s sm o othe d o n a use r d e fi n e d n um b e r o f me as ur ed rss i sa m ples . the precision of the rssi value is r e la t ed to the num b e r of rssi s am pl e s u s e d . rss i s m oothi ng s e l e c t s t h e n um b e r of rs s i s a mp les f r om a mi n i m um o f 2 samples up to 256 s amples in i n c r e me n t s of p o w e r o f 2. t a ble 8 3 gives the estimation of the rssi accur a cy for a 10 db snr and r e spo n se time ver s us the n u mber of rssi samples p r o g rammed in r s sismoothing . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 82 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 8 3 rssismoot h ing options rssismo o thi n g n um b e r of sam pl e s estimated a c curacy res p o n s e t i me ?00 0? 2 6 db 2 ( rssismoot h ing + 1 ) 4 ? rxb w [ kh z ] [ m s ] ?00 1? 4 5 db ?01 0? 8 4 db ? 0 1 1 ? 1 6 3 db ?10 0? 3 2 2 db ?10 1? 6 4 1 .5 db ? 1 10? 128 1 .2 db ? 11 1 ? 256 1 .1 db t h e rss i i s c a libr a te d whe n t he ima ge a nd rss i c a lib r atio n p r oces s i s la u nch e d . 5 .5.5. rssi in lora tm m ode t h e rss i val u e s r e po r te d b y th e lor a tm m o d em d i f f er f r om t h o se e xp re ss e d by t h e f sk / o o k mo d em . th e f oll o wi n g formula s hows the method used to interpret t he lor a tm r ssi values. r s s i [ d b m ] = C 137 + r s si 5 .5.6. ch a nnel fi l ter the r o le of the cha n n e l filter i s t o r ejec t n o is e an d inte rf er e nc e o u t s id e o f t he wa n t ed cha n n e l . t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) c h an n el filte r in g i s i m ple m ente d wit h a 1 6 - t a p finit e imp u ls e r e s p ons e (fi r ) filte r . r e jecti on of th e filt er i s hi gh e no u g h t h a t t he f i lter sto p - b an d pe r fo r m a n c e i s n o t th e d omi n a nt i n fl u e n c e o n a dj a c e n t cha n ne l r ej e cti on p e rfo r ma nc e . this is instead limited by t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) p ll p h as e n o is e. n o t e t o r esp e c t s a mpli n g c r it e ri on i n th e d e cimatio n ch ain of t he r e c e iv e r , t he c o mmu ni c a tio n bi t r at e c a nn ot b e se t at a higher than twice the sin g le side r e ceiver bandwi d th (bitrate < 2 x rxbw) t h e p ro g r a mm ed si n gl e sid e b a n dwi d t h rx b w of the channel filter is dete r mi n e d b y t he p a r am e t e r s r x b w ma nt a nd rxbwexp in r e g rxb w: r xb w = - - ---------------- - ---- - f --- - x --- - o --- - s --- - c ------------ - ---------- - - rx b wman t 2 rxb w e x p + 2 the follo w ing channel filter band w i d ths are hen c e ac ces sible in the case of a 32 mhz referen c e o s cillato r . t a ble 8 4 a v aila b le rxbw settings rxbwmant ( bi na r y / va l u e ) r x bwexp (decimal) rxbw ( k hz) fs k / o o k 10 b / 24 7 2 .6 01 b / 20 7 3 .1 00 b / 16 7 3 .9 10 b / 24 6 5 .2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 83 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 01 b / 20 6 6 .3 00 b / 16 6 7 .8 10 b / 24 5 1 0 . 4 01 b / 20 5 1 2 . 5 00 b / 16 5 1 5 . 6 10 b / 24 4 2 0 . 8 01 b / 20 4 2 5 . 0 00 b / 16 4 3 1 . 3 10 b / 24 3 4 1 . 7 01 b / 20 3 5 0 . 0 00 b / 16 3 6 2 . 5 10 b / 24 2 8 3 . 3 01 b / 20 2 1 00 .0 00 b / 16 2 1 25 .0 10 b / 24 1 1 66 .7 01 b / 20 1 2 00 .0 00 b / 16 1 2 50 .0 o t he r se t t i ngs r e s e rved 5 .5.7. t e m perature measurem e nt a s t a n d a lo n e t e mp e r a t u r e m e a s u r em e n t b lo c k is us e d in o r d e r t o m e asu re th e tem p e r atu re i n a n y m o d e exc e p t sle ep a n d s t a n d b y . i t is e n a b l e d b y de f a u lt , a n d ca n b e stop p e d by s e ttin g t empmonitor o ff to 1. the r e sult of the measurement is stored in t em p v a lue in reg t e m p . due to process varia t ions, the absol u te a c cur a cy of the r e sult is + / - 10 c . hi g h e r p r e cisi o n r e q ui re s a c a lib r a t ion p r o c e du re at a k n o w n t e mp e r a t u r e. t he f ig u re be low s h o w s t h e i n fl u e n ce o f j u st s u ch a c a lib r a t ion p r o c e ss. f or mo re i n f o r m a t io n , includi n g source code, p le a se consult the applicatio n s section of this d o cument. figure 41. t empera t ure sensor res p onse t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 84 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 6. description o f t h e re g i sters t h e r egiste r m ap p in g d ep e n ds u p o n wh e t h e r fsk/oo k or lor a tm mo de h as b e e n se l e cte d. t he f o llowin g t a ble s u mma ri se s t he locati o n a nd functio n of e ac h r egiste r an d g i ve s a n o v e rvie w o f th e ch a ng es i n r e gist er m a p p in g b etw e e n b o th modes of operatio n . 6.1. register t able summary t a ble 8 5 r e gisters s u mm a ry a d d r ess r e g i ste r n a me r e set (p o r ) d e f au lt ( fs k ) des c ri pti o n fsk / o o k m o de l o r a t m mode f s k mo d e l o r a t m mode 0x00 r eg f i fo 0x00 fifo r e ad/write access 0x01 re g o p m o d e 0x01 op e r at i n g mod e & lor a tm / fsk s e lection 0x02 r egbitrat e msb u n used 0x1a b i t ra te se t t i ng , m o s t sig n if i c an t b i t s 0x03 r e gbitrat e lsb 0x0b b i t ra te se t t i ng , leas t sign i f i c a n t bi t s 0x04 r e gfdevmsb 0x00 fre q uenc y devi a t i o n se t t i ng , mos t sign i f i c a n t bi t s 0x05 regfdevlsb 0x52 fre q uency devia t i on set t i ng, l east s i gnific a nt bi t s 0x06 r e gfrfmsb 0xe4 rf carrier frequ e nc y , most si g n ifica n t bi t s 0x07 re g f rfmid 0x c 0 r f carri er fr equ e nc y , i n t erm e di a t e bi t s 0x08 re g f rflsb 0x00 rf carrier frequ e nc y , l e ast sig n ificant bi t s 0x09 r e gpac o nf i g 0x0f p a sel e cti o n and output p o wer control 0 x 0a re g paramp 0x19 con t ro l o f p a ram p t i m e , l o w p has e n o is e pll 0 x 0b re g o cp 0x2b over current protect i on control 0x 0 c r e gl n a 0x20 ln a s e t t i n gs 0x 0 d r e grxc o nf i g r e gfif o addrptr 0x08 0x 0 e afc, agc, ctrl f i f o sp i poi n t e r 0 x 0e r e grssiconfig r egfifotxb a - seaddr 0x02 rssi s t a rt tx d a t a 0x 0 f reg r ss i col l i sion r e gf i f o r xba - seaddr 0x0a rssi col l ision d e tect o r s t art rx d a t a 0x10 reg r ss i thr e s h reg i rq fl ags 0xff rss i t h r e sho l d c o n t r o l lora t m s t at e fla g s 0x 1 1 reg r ss i v alue regirqflagsmask - rssi val u e i n dbm op tio na l fl a g m a sk 0x12 reg r xbw re g f r e q i fmsb 0x15 cha n ne l f il t e r b w c on t rol i f fr eq u ency 0x13 re g afcbw regfreqif l sb 0x0b a fc cha n ne l f il t e r bw 0x14 r e gookpeak re gsy m b t im e - outmsb 0x28 ook d e modu l ator receiver timeout value 0x15 r e go o k fix re gsy m b t im e - outlsb 0x 0 c thr e s h ol d o f t h e oo k d emo d 0x16 r e gook a vg r e gtx c fg 0x12 a verage o f the ook d e mod lora t m tr an smit p a rameters 0x17 res e rv e d17 re g p a y - lo a dle n g th 0x47 - 0x18 res e rv e d18 r e gpreambl em sb 0x32 - s i z e o f pr e amble 0x19 res e rv e d19 re g p r e amble l sb 0x3e - 0 x 1a re g afcfei regmodula t i o n - cfg 0x00 a fc an d fei con t rol m o dem phy conf i g 0 x 1b rega fc msb re g rfmo d e 0x00 fre q uency correction val u e of the afc t e st reg i ster 0x 1 c r egafclsb r e ghopperiod 0x00 fhss hop p e riod t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 85 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet a d d r ess r e g i ste r n a me r e set (p o r ) d e f au lt ( fs k ) des c ri pti o n fsk / o o k m o de l o r a t m mode f s k mo d e l o r a t m mode 0x 1 d re g fe i msb r egnb r xbytes 0x00 v a lu e o f t h e c a lcul a t e d fre q uency error number of rece i v e d byt e s 0 x 1e reg f ei l sb re g r xheaderi n fo 0x00 i n f o fr o m l as t h e ader 0x 1 f r e gprea mb l ede - t e ct regr x - h e ad e r c n t v a lue 0x40 0xaa s e t t i n g s o f t h e preamb l e detect o r number of v a lid h e ad e rs r e c ei v ed 0x20 r egrx t ime o ut1 regrxpacketcn t - v a l u e 0x00 t imeout rx r e quest and rssi number of v a lid p a ck e t s r e c ei v ed 0x21 r egrx t ime o ut2 regmodem s t at 0x0 0 t i meou t rss i a n d pa y - loa d rea dy live lor a tm m o de m s t a - t u s 0x22 r egrx t ime o ut3 r e gpkts n r v a lue 0x00 t i meou t rss i a n d syn c a d - dress e spim a ti o n of l a s t p a ck e t s n r 0x23 r egrxdelay r egrssi v a lue 0x00 del ay b e tw e e n r x cyc l es current rssi 0x24 r e gosc regpktr s s i v a lue 0x05 0x07 rc oscil l ators settin g s, cl k - ou t fr eq u ency rssi of la s t p a cket 0x25 r egpreamblemsb reg h opc h an n el 0x00 pr e a mble l e ngth, msb fhss s t art chan n el 0x26 r e gpreamb l elsb r e grxda t aad d r 0x03 pr e ambl e l e ng t h , l sb lora t m rx d a t a po in t er 0x27 regsy ncconfig rese r ved 0x93 sy n c w or d rec o gni ti o n c o n t rol res e r ved 0x28 - 0x 2 f regsync v a l ue 1 - 8 0x55 0x01 s ync w o rd b yt e s, 1 t h r o u g h 8 0x30 r e gpacke t co n f i g1 0x90 p a cket mode settings 0x31 r e gpacke t co n f i g2 0x40 p a cket mode settings 0x32 regp a y lo a d len g th 0x40 p a yloa d l en g t h se tti ng 0x33 r e gnodeadrs rese r ved 0x00 nod e a d dress res e r ved 0x34 r e gbroa d c a stadrs 0x00 br o adcast addr e s s 0x35 r eg f i f ot h r esh 0x0f 0x8f fifo t h resho l d, tx s t art co n d i - ti o n 0x36 re g s eqc o n fi g1 0x00 t o p level sequencer settings 0x37 re g s eqc o n fi g2 0x00 t o p level sequencer settings 0x38 r e g t imerresol 0x00 t imer 1 a nd 2 resolut i on control 0x39 re g t imer1co e f 0xf5 t im e r 1 s e tti n g 0 x 3a re g t imer2co e f 0x20 t im e r 2 s e tti n g 0 x 3b re g i m a g eca l 0x82 0x02 ima g e c a librat i on en g ine co n - trol 0x 3 c r e g t emp - t e m p era t ur e sens o r va l u e 0x 3 d reg l owbat 0x02 lo w ba t t e ry i nd i c a t o r se tti n g s 0 x 3e r e gir q fl a gs1 0x80 s t a t u s re g i st e r: p l l l o c k s t a t e, t imeout, rssi 0x 3 f r e gir q fl a gs2 0x40 s t a t u s r e gis t er : f i fo h a nd l ing fl a gs , l o w b a t t ery 0x40 re g d i o ma pp i n g 1 0x00 m a ppi ng o f p i n s dio 0 t o d io3 0x41 re g d i o ma pp i n g 2 0x00 m a ppi ng o f p i n s dio 4 an d d io5 , c l kou t fr e que n cy 0x42 r eg v ersion 0x 1 1 hope rf id r e l a ting th e silic o n r e visi o n 0x44 regp l lhop u n used 0x 2 d cont rol the f a st f r e qu e ncy h o p - pin g mo d e unused 0 x 4b reg t cxo 0x09 tcxo o r x t al i nput set t i n g t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 86 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet a d d r ess r e g i ste r n a me r e set (p o r ) d e f au lt ( fs k ) des c ri pti o n fsk / o o k m o de l o r a t m mode f s k mo d e l o r a t m mode 0x 4 d r egpa d ac 0x84 higher p o wer set t i ngs of the p a 0 x 5b re g f ormer t emp - s tored t e mp e r a t u re d u ring t h e f o rmer iq calibration 0x 5 d re gbi t r a t ef rac u n used 0x00 frac ti o n a l p ar t i n t h e b i t ra te division r a tio unused 0x61 rega g c r e f 0x13 a d jus t men t o f t h e ag c t hre sh o l ds 0x62 r egagct h resh1 0x0e 0x63 r egagct h resh2 0x5b 0x64 r egagct h resh3 0xdb others re g t est - in t er n a l t e s t reg i s t ers . d o no t o v erwri te note - reset v alues are aut o maticall y r e f r esh ed i n t he chip at power on reset - defa ult val u e s a r e th e hop e rf r e c o mm e nd ed r e g i ster values, o p timizing the d e vice o p e r a t ion - re gi ste rs fo r w h ic h t he d e f a ul t v a lu e di ffe rs fr om t he res et v a lu e a re d e n o t ed b y a * i n t he t abl e s of sectio n 6.2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 87 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 6.2. fsk/ook mode re g i ster map t h is section d e t ails the rfm95/96/97/98(w) r egiste r m ap p in g a n d th e p recis e cont e n t s of e a c h r e gist er i n fsk/oo k m o de. convention: r: read, w: write, t:trigg e r , c: clear t a ble 8 6 r e gister m a p name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on r e gf i f o (0x00) 7 - 0 f i fo rw 0x00 f ifo da t a in p u t /o u t p ut registers for common settings re g o pmo d e (0x01) 7 l o ngr a ng e m o de r 0x00 0 ? fs k / oo k mode 1 ? lor a tm mode t h i s b it ca n b e mod i fi e d o nl y i n slee p mod e . a wr i t e op e ra ti o n on o t he r dev i ce m o de s i s i gn o r e d. 6 - 5 mod u latio n t ype rw 0x00 mod u lation sch e m e : 0 0 ? fsk 0 1 ? o o k 1 0 ? 1 1 ? reserved 4 reser v ed r 0 x0 reserved 3 l o wfr e que n cym o deon rw 0 x01 access l o w fre q ue n cy mode re g isters (from a ddress 0x61 o n ) 0 ? h i gh fre q ue n cy mode (acc e ss to hf t e st reg i st e r s) 1 ? l o w freq u ency mode (access to l f t e st reg i sters) 2 - 0 mo d e rw 0x01 t ransce i ver mo d e s 00 0 ? sleep mo d e 00 1 ? s t d b y mode 01 0 ? fs mode tx (fstx) 0 1 1 ? t r ansmitter mode (tx) 10 0 ? fs mode rx (fsrx) 10 1 ? re c e i v er m o de ( r x ) 1 1 0 ? r e s e rv ed 11 1 ? r e s e rv ed r e gbitratemsb (0x02) 7 - 0 b i tr a t e ( 1 5 : 8 ) rw 0x1a m s b o f bi t r a t e (chi p r a t e i f m a nch e s t e r enc o din g i s e n ab l ed) re g bitr a t e lsb (0x03) 7 - 0 bit r ate(7:0) rw 0x0b lsb of b i t rate (chip rate if ma n chest e r enco d ing is en a bl e d ) b i t r a t e = --------- - ---------------- - f --- - x --- - o ---- - s -- - c - ---------------- - ---------- - - b i t r a t e (15 , 0) + - b - -- - i - - t - - r - - a --- - t - - e - - - f --- - r - - a --- - c - 16 de f a ult v a l ue : 4 . 8 k b /s regfdevmsb (0x04) 7 - 6 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 5 - 0 f d e v( 1 3 : 8) rw 0x00 ms b o f t h e fre q ue n c y d e v i a t ion regfdevlsb (0x05) 7 - 0 fdev(7: 0 ) rw 0 x52 lsb of the frequ e ncy d e viati o n f d e v = fs t e p f d ev (1 5 , 0 ) de f a ult v a l ue : 5 k h z t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 88 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on r e gfrfmsb (0x06) 7 - 0 fr f( 23 : 1 6 ) rw 0x6c m s b o f t h e r f carrie r f r e qu e ncy re g frfm i d ( 0x07) 7 - 0 frf ( 1 5 : 8 ) rw 0 x80 msb of t h e rf carrier f r e qu e ncy re g f rflsb (0x08) 7 - 0 frf(7:0) rw 0x00 ls b o f r f c a rr i e r fre q ue n cy fr f = f st e p fr f ( 2 3 ;0 ) de f a u lt va l ue : 4 34 . 00 0 mhz t h e rf f r e qu e ncy i s t a ken i n to acc o unt i n t e rna l ly o n ly wh e n : - e n t e ring fsrx/fstx mod e s - re - s t a rting the receiver re gis t e r s f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t e r re g p aco n f i g (0x09) 7 pase l e ct rw 0x00 selec t s p a output pin 0 ? r fo p i n . maximu m po w e r o f + 1 4 dbm 1 ? p a _boos t p i n . max i m u m p o we r o f + 2 0 dbm 6 - 4 maxpower rw 0x04 sel e c t ma x o u t pu t p ow e r : pm a x =1 0 . 8 +0 . 6 * m a xp o we r [ d bm] 3 - 0 out p u t po w e r rw 0 x0f pout=pmax - (15 - ou tputpower) if pase l e ct = 0 (rfo pins) pout= 1 7 - (15 - outputpow e r) if pasel e ct = 1 ( p a_boost p i n) regp a r amp (0x0a) 7 u n used r 0 x00 un u sed 6 - 5 m o dula t i onsh a ping rw 0x00 d a t a s h a p i n g: in f sk: 0 0 ? n o sha p ing 0 1 ? ga u ss i a n f i l t e r b t = 1 .0 1 0 ? ga u ss i a n f i l t e r b t = 0 .5 1 1 ? gauss i an f i lter bt = 0.3 in o ok: 0 0 ? n o sha p ing 0 1 ? f i ltering w i th f c u t o f f = b it _ r a te 1 0 ? f i ltering w i th f c u t o f f = 2*b i t _ r a t e ( f o r bi t _ra te < 1 2 5 k b /s) 1 1 ? reserved 4 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 3 - 0 pa r a mp rw 0x09 rise /f al l ti m e o f ram p u p / d ow n i n fsk 00 0 0 ? 3.4 ms 00 0 1 ? 2 ms 00 1 0 ? 1 ms 00 1 1 ? 50 0 u s 01 0 0 ? 2 5 0 u s 01 0 1 ? 1 2 5 u s 0 1 1 0 ? 10 0 u s 0 1 1 1 ? 6 2 us 10 0 0 ? 5 0 us 10 0 1 ? 40 us (d) 10 1 0 ? 3 1 us 10 1 1 ? 2 5 us 1 1 0 0 ? 2 0 us 1 1 0 1 ? 1 5 us 11 1 0 ? 1 2 us 111 1 ? 1 0 us t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
pag e 89 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on regocp (0x0b) 7 - 6 u n used r 0 x00 un u sed 5 ocpon rw 0 x01 ena b les overload current protection (o c p) f o r the p a: 0 ? ocp d isab l ed 1 ? ocp e na b led 4 - 0 ocp t rim rw 0 x0b t rimming of ocp current: i ma x = 4 5 +5 * o c p t rim [ m a] if oc p t rim <= 1 5 ( 1 20 m a) / i ma x = - 30 + 1 0 *oc p t r i m [m a ] i f 1 5 < ocp t ri m < = 2 7 (13 0 to 240 ma) i ma x = 2 4 0ma f o r hi g her setti n gs defa u lt i ma x = 1 00ma r e gisters f o r the rece i ver r e glna (0x0c) 7 - 5 l n again rw 0x01 lna gain settin g : 00 0 ? re s e r v ed 00 1 ? g 1 = hi g hes t gain 01 0 ? g 2 = hi g hes t gai n C 6 db 0 1 1 ? g 3 = hi g hes t g ai n C 1 2 d b 10 0 ? g 4 = h i g he st ga in C 2 4 db 10 1 ? g 5 = h i g he st ga in C 3 6 db 1 1 0 ? g 6 = hi g hes t g ai n C 4 8 d b 11 1 ? rese r ved note: reading t h i s a ddress a l ways ret u rns the curr e nt l n a ga i n (which m a y b e d i f f eren t fro m wha t ha d b ee n pr e v i ousl y sel e ct e d i f agc i s e nab l ed. 4 - 3 ln a b o os t l f rw 0x00 low freq u ency ( r fi_lf) l n a c u rr e n t a d justment 0 0 ? d ef a ul t ln a c u rrent o t h e r ? r e s e rv e d 2 reser v ed rw 0x00 r e s e rv ed 1 - 0 l nabo o sthf rw 0x00 hi g h freq u ency (rfi_hf) l n a c u rr e n t a d jus tment 0 0 ? d ef a ul t ln a c u rrent 1 1 ? b o os t o n , 15 0 % ln a c u rr e n t t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 90 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on r e grxco n f i g (0x0d) 7 res t art r xon c oll i sion rw 0x00 t u rns on the mecha n ism r e s t arting the rece i ver a u t o matical l y if it ge t s s a t u rat e d o r a p acke t co l lisi on i s d e t ect e d 0 ? n o a u t o m a t i c r e s t art 1 ? a u t o m a tic r e s t art o n 6 r e s t a rtrxwithoutpll l ock w t 0 x00 t rig g e rs a ma n ual res t art o f the rece i ver c h ain w h e n set to 1. us e t hi s bi t w he n t her e i s n o fr eq u enc y c h an g e, res t art r xwithpl l lock otherwise. 5 res t artrxwithplllock w t 0 x00 t rig g e rs a ma n ual res t art o f the rece i ver c h ain w h en set to 1. use t h is bit w hen there is a fr e qu e ncy ch a ng e , req u iring some ti me f o r t h e p l l to r e - l o ck. 4 afcautoon rw 0 x00 0 ? no afc p e rform e d at rec e iver s t art u p 1 ? afc i s p e rf o r med a t e a ch r e c e iver s t art u p 3 agcautoon rw 0 x01 0 ? l n a g a i n f orce d b y t h e l nagai n s e t t ing 1 ? l n a g a in is controlled by t h e agc 2 - 0 rx t rigger rw 0x06 * sel e c t s t h e e vent tri g gering agc an d / o r afc a t receiver s t art u p. see t ab l e 18 f o r a d e scriptio n . r e grssic o n f ig (0x0e) 7 - 3 rss i o f fs et rw 0x00 sig n e d rss i o f fs e t, to compe n s a t e f o r t h e possib l e losses / ga i ns i n t h e f r o n t - en d (lna , s a w f il t e r . ..) 1db / l s b, 2 ? s comp l e ment format 2 - 0 rssismooth i ng rw 0x02 defi n e s t h e n u mber of samp l e s t a k e n to av e r a ge the rssi resu l t : 00 0 ? 2 samples used 00 1 ? 4 samples used 01 0 ? 8 samples used 0 1 1 ? 16 samples us e d 10 0 ? 32 samples u s ed 10 1 ? 64 samples u s ed 1 1 0 ? 128 samp l e s u sed 11 1 ? 256 samp l e s u sed regrssicollision (0x0f) 7 - 0 rssicollis i onthreshold rw 0x0a se t s t h e t hresh o ld u se d to consi d e r t h a t a n i n t e rfer e r i s d e tec t e d , wit n e s s i ng a p a cket c o ll i s i on. 1db/ l sb ( o nly rssi incr e a se) d e f a ul t : 10 d b regrssithresh (0x10) 7 - 0 rssithreshold rw 0 x f f rssi tri g g e r l e v e l f o r t h e rssi in t e r ru p t: - r s sithre s h old / 2 [dbm] regrssi v a lue (0x 1 1) 7 - 0 rssi v a lue r - abso l ut e v a lu e o f t h e r s s i i n dbm , 0 . 5 d b s t e p s. rssi = - rssi v a lue/2 [dbm] regrxbw (0x12) 7 u n used r - un u sed 6 - 5 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 4 - 3 rxbwm a nt rw 0x02 channel filter ba n dwi d th contro l : 0 0 ? rxbwm a nt = 1 6 1 0 ? r x bw m a n t = 24 0 1 ? rxbwm a nt = 2 0 1 1 ? reser v ed 2 - 0 rxbwexp rw 0 x05 channel filter ba n dwi d th contro l : fsk m o de: rx b w = ------ - ---------------- - f --- - x --- - o --- - s --- - c - ---------------- - ----- - - r x bwman t 2 rxbwex p + 2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 91 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wirele ss & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on re g a fcbw (0x13) 7 - 5 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 4 - 3 rxbwm a ntafc rw 0 x01 r xbwmant p a ramet e r used d u ring the afc 2 - 0 rxbwexpafc rw 0x03 rx bwexp p a ramet e r used d u ring the afc re g o o k pe a k (0x14) 7 - 6 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 5 bits y n con rw 0 x01 ena b les t h e bit synchr o n ize r . 0 ? bit sy n c d i sabled (not p o ssib l e in packet mo d e ) 1 ? bi t sy n c e n ab l ed 4 - 3 ookthre s h t ype rw 0 x01 sel e c t s t h e type o f t h resho l d in t h e ook d a t a sl i cer: 0 0 ? fix e d t h re s h o ld 1 0 ? a v erag e mo d e 0 1 ? p eak mode (d e f a u lt) 1 1 ? reserved 2 - 0 o o kpeakth esh s t e p rw 0 x00 s i ze of e a ch decrement of t h e rssi thr e shold i n t h e ook demodulat o r: 00 0 ? 0 . 5 d b 0 0 1 ? 1 .0 db 01 0 ? 1 . 5 d b 0 1 1 ? 2 .0 db 10 0 ? 3 . 0 d b 1 0 1 ? 4 .0 db 1 1 0 ? 5 . 0 d b 1 1 1 ? 6 .0 db re g o okfix (0x15) 7 - 0 ookf i xedthresh o ld rw 0 x 0 c f i xed t h resho l d for the da t a slicer in ook mode f l oor t h resho l d for the da t a slicer in ook when p e ak mo d e is used re g o o k a vg (0x16) 7 - 5 ookpe a kthres h d ec rw 0x00 p e rio d o f decreme nt o f th e r ss i t h r e shol d i n t h e ook demodulat o r: 00 0 ? o nc e pe r ch i p 00 1 ? o n ce every 2 chi p s 01 0 ? o nc e ever y 4 c h i p s 0 1 1 ? once ev e r y 8 chi p s 10 0 ? twice in e a ch chip 1 0 1 ? 4 ti m e s in each chip 1 1 0 ? 8 tim e s in ea ch c h ip 11 1 ? 16 times in each c h ip 4 reser v ed rw 0x01 reserved 3 - 2 ook a verageo f f set rw 0 x00 s t a t i c o f fs e t a dde d to t h e t h resho l d i n avera g e m o d e i n ord e r to red u ce g litchi n g act i vity (ook o n ly): 0 0 ? 0 . 0 db 1 0 ? 4 .0 db 0 1 ? 2 . 0 db 1 1 ? 6 .0 d b 1 - 0 o o k a verag e thr e shf i lt rw 0x02 fi l t e r co e f fic i en t s in a verage mo d e o f the ook demo d ulator: 0 0 ? f c chip r a te / 32 . 0 1 ? f c c h ip r a te / 8 . 1 0 ? f c chip r a te / 4 . 1 1 ? f c ch i p r a t e / 2 . reg r es17 to reg r es19 7 - 0 reser v ed rw 0x47 0x32 0x 3 e reserve d. kee p t h e r e s e t va l ues. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 92 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on re g a fcfei (0x1a) 7 - 5 u n used r - un u sed 4 agc s t a rt wt 0x00 t rig g e rs a n agc seq u ence wh e n s e t to 1. 3 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved 2 u n used - - un u sed 1 afccl e ar wc 0x00 cl e a r afc regist er set in rx mod e . alw a ys rea d s 0 . 0 afcautoclearon rw 0x00 o n ly v a lid if afcautoon is s e t 0 ? a fc r e gis t e r i s no t cl e are d a t t h e beg i nni ng o f t h e a u t o m a t i c afc p h ase 1 ? a fc r e gis t e r i s cl e are d a t t h e b eg i nni ng o f t h e a u t o m a t i c afc p h ase r ega fc msb (0x1b) 7 - 0 afc v a l ue(1 5 : 8 ) rw 0 x00 ms b o f t h e a f c v al u e , 2 ? s complem e n t f orma t. ca n b e u s e d to ov erwr i t e the current afc val u e r e gafc l s b (0 x 1 c) 7 - 0 afc v alue(7:0) rw 0 x00 lsb of the afc v a lue, 2 ? s comp l e ment f o rmat. c an be used to overwr i t e the current afc val u e regfeimsb (0x1d) 7 - 0 f e i v al u e (15:8) rw - ms b o f t h e meas u r e d fre q ue n c y o f fs et , 2 ? s compl e m e n t. mus t be rea d b ef o r e reg f ei l s b. r e gfeilsb (0x1e) 7 - 0 fe i v alu e (7: 0 ) rw - lsb o f the measured freq u ency o f fset, 2 ? s comp l e ment fre q uency error = f e i v al u e x f s t e p r e gpreamb l edetect ( 0 x 1 f) 7 pre a m b led e t e c t oron rw 0x01 * ena b les pr eamble d e t e ct o r w h en set to 1. t h e agc s e tti n gs sup e rs e de t h is bit d u ring t h e s t artup / agc p hase. 0 ? t u r n ed o f f 1 ? t u r n ed on 6 - 5 pre a m b l e d et e c t o r size rw 0x01 * numb er o f preambl e b y t e s to de t ec t to t r i gg e r a n i nt e rrupt 0 0 ? 1 by t e 1 0 ? 3 byt e s 0 1 ? 2 by te s 1 1 ? reserved 4 - 0 preambledetecto r t o l rw 0x 0 a * number or chip e rr o rs t o l e r a t e d over pr e a mbl e det e ctorsize. 4 chi p s p e r b i t. r e grx t ime o ut1 (0x20) 7 - 0 t imeo u trxrssi rw 0x00 t imeo u t int e rru p t is ge n erated t imeoutrxrssi * 1 6* t b it a f ter s w itc h ing to rx mo d e if rssi i n t e rr u p t d o esn?t occur (i. e . rs s i v a lue > rssithreshold) 0x00: t im eo u tr x r s si i s d i s a bl e d r e grx t ime o ut2 (0x21) 7 - 0 t imeo u t r xpr e amble rw 0 x00 t imeo u t int e rru p t is ge n erated t im e o u t r xpr ea m b l e *1 6 *t bit a f t e r s w itc h ing to rx mo d e if prea m b le int e rru p t d o esn?t occur 0x00: t im eo u tr xpr e a m b le is dis a bled r e grx t ime o ut3 (0x22) 7 - 0 t im e outsign a lsync rw 0 x00 t imeo u t int e rru p t is ge n erated t ime o u tsign a lsync * 1 6* t b it a f t e r the r x mode i s pr o g rammed, if syncadd r ess d o esn?t occur 0x00: t i meo u tsi g na l sy n c i s d i s a bl e d r e grxde l ay (0x23) 7 - 0 i n t e rp a cket r xdel ay rw 0x00 add i t i onal d e lay b e fore a n a u t o matic r e ceiver res t a rt is launche d : delay = interpacketrxd e lay* 4 *t b it rc osci l lator registers t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 93 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on re g o sc (0x24) 7 - 4 u n used r - un u sed 3 rcc a l s t a rt wt 0x00 t rig g e rs t h e ca l ibration o f the rc oscil l ator w hen set. alw a ys rea d s 0. rc calibrat i on must be trig g e red in s t and b y mo d e . 2 - 0 clkout rw 0x07 * s e lec t s clkout frequency: 00 0 ? fx o sc 00 1 ? fx o sc / 2 01 0 ? fx o sc / 4 0 1 1 ? fx o sc / 8 10 0 ? fx o sc / 16 10 1 ? fx o sc / 32 1 1 0 ? r c ( a u t o m a t i c a lly en a b l e d ) 11 1 ? o f f packet h a ndl i ng reg i st e r s r e gpreamb l emsb (0x25) 7 - 0 preamb l esize(15: 8 ) rw 0 x00 size o f t h e p r e a m b le to b e s e nt ( f rom t x s t art c o n dition fulfi l led). (m s b b yt e ) re g p r e ambl e lsb (0x26) 7 - 0 preambles i ze(7:0) rw 0 x03 size o f t h e p r e a m b le to b e s e nt ( f rom t x s t art c o n dition fulfi l led). (lsb b yte) regsyncconfig (0x27) 7 - 6 autores t artrxmode rw 0 x02 co n t ro l s the a u t o matic res t art of the receiver a f ter t h e rec e pt i on of a val i d p a cket (pay l oad r eady or crcok): 0 0 ? o f f 0 1 ? on , wi t hou t wai t i n g fo r t h e pl l to r e - lock 1 0 ? on, wait f o r the pll to lock (freq u ency cha n ged) 1 1 ? reser v ed 5 preamblepolarity rw 0x00 s e t s th e p o l a ri t y o f t h e pr e a m b le 0 ? 0xaa ( d e fa u lt) 1 ? 0x 5 5 4 syncon rw 0x01 e n ab l e s t h e syn c wor d g e nera t i o n an d d e t e c t i o n: 0 ? o f f 1 ? on 3 f i fo fi l l con d i t ion rw 0x00 fifo fi l ling co n d iti o n: 0 ? if synca d dress i n t e rrupt occurs 1 ? a s lon g a s fif of i llco nd ition is s e t 2 - 0 syn c s i ze rw 0x03 s i z e o f t h e syn c word: ( syn c s i z e + 1) b ytes, ( s y n c s i z e ) bytes if ioh o m e o n =1 regsync v alue1 (0x28) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(63:56) rw 0x01 * 1 st b y t e of sy n c w o r d . ( msb b yt e ) used if syncon is set. regsync v alue2 (0x29) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(55:48) rw 0x01 * 2 n d b yte of sy n c w o rd used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 2 . regsync v alue3 (0x2a) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(47:40) rw 0x01 * 3 rd byte of sync wor d . used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 3 . regsync v alue4 (0x2b) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(39:32) rw 0x01 * 4 th b y t e o f syn c w ord. used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 4 . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 94 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on regsync v alue5 (0 x 2 c) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(31:24) rw 0x01 * 5 th b y t e o f syn c w ord. used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 5 . reg sync v alue6 (0x2d) 7 - 0 sync v a l u e(23:16) rw 0x01 * 6 th b y t e o f syn c w ord. used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 6 . regsync v alue7 (0x2e) 7 - 0 s ync v a l ue (1 5 : 8 ) rw 0x01 * 7 th b y t e o f syn c w ord. used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) > = 7 . regsync v al ue8 (0x2f) 7 - 0 sync v a l ue(7:0) rw 0x01 * 8 th b y t e o f syn c w ord. used if syncon i s se t a n d ( sy n c s i ze + 1 ) = 8. re g packet c onfi g 1 (0x30) 7 p a ck e t f o rmat rw 0x01 de fi ne s t h e p acke t f o rm a t use d : 0 ? f i x e d len g th 1 ? v a ria b le le n g th 6 - 5 dcfree rw 0x00 de fi ne s dc - f re e e n c o di n g/ d ecod i n g p e r f orme d : 0 0 ? no n e (o f f) 0 1 ? m an ch e s t er 1 0 ? w h i t eni ng 1 1 ? reserved 4 crcon rw 0 x01 e n ab l es c r c c a lcula t i on/check (tx/rx): 0 ? o f f 1 ? on 3 c rc a u t o c l e ar o f f rw 0 x 0 0 defines t h e beh a vio r of the p a cket h and l er w hen crc check f a ils: 0 ? clear f i fo a n d res t a r t new p a ck e t rece p t i o n. n o p a yloa d rea dy i n t errup t i s s u ed. 1 ? d o no t clea r f if o . p a yloadready i nt e r r u p t is s u ed . 2 - 1 a d dressfiltering rw 0 x00 defines a d dress b a sed filteri n g in rx: 0 0 ? no n e (o f f) 0 1 ? a d d r ess fi e l d m u s t m at ch n o dea d dress 1 0 ? a d d r ess fi e l d m u s t m at ch n o dea d dress or br o a dcastaddr e s s 1 1 ? reserved 0 crcwh i t e ning t ype rw 0x00 sel e c t s t h e c r c an d w h it e ni n g a l g o r i t h ms: 0 ? cc itt cr c impl e m e n t a ti o n wi th s t a n d a r d w hi t en i ng 1 ? ibm cr c im p l emen t a t io n w i t h a lt erna te wh i te n ing re g packet c onfi g 2 (0x31) 7 u n used r - un u sed 6 d a t a m o de rw 0x01 da t a p rocessing mo d e : 0 ? con t i n uo u s mode 1 ? packet mode 5 i o h o meon rw 0x00 ena b les t h e io - ho m e control ? co m p a t i b ility m o de 0 ? d i s a bl e d 1 ? enabled 4 iohomepowerframe rw 0x00 reserved - li n k e d to i o - homeco n tr ol ? com p atib i lity mo d e 3 beaco n on rw 0x00 ena b les t h e beacon mo d e i n fix e d p a cket f o rmat 2 - 0 p a y l oa d len g t h (10:8) rw 0x00 packet l en g th most s i gnific a n t b i t s t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 95 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on r egpay l oad l en g th (0x32) 7 - 0 payl o adl e ngth(7:0) rw 0x40 i f p a ck e t f orma t = 0 ( f ixe d ) , p ay l oa d l e ng t h. i f p a ck e t f orma t = 1 (v a r i ab l e) , ma x len g t h i n r x, no t use d i n tx. r e gnodeadrs (0x33) 7 - 0 n o d e a dd re s s rw 0 x 0 0 no d e addr e s s use d i n addr e ss f il t eri n g. re g b r o adcas ta drs (0x34) 7 - 0 broadc a s tad d r e ss rw 0x00 broa d c a st ad d ress u sed in a d dress fi l t e r i ng. r e gf i f o thr e s h (0x35) 7 tx s t art c o n dition rw 0x01 * defines the con d ition to s t art p a cket transmissio n : 0 ? f i fo l eve l (i. e . t h e n u m be r o f by te s in t h e f i fo e xc e e d s fif o t h resh o ld) 1 ? f i foempty go e s l o w (i. e . a t l e a s t on e b yte in t h e f i f o ) 6 u n used r - un u sed 5 - 0 f i fot h res h old rw 0 x0f used to tr i gger f i f o leve l i nt e r r u p t, wh e n : num b e r o f byt e s in fifo >= fif o t h resho l d + 1 seq u encer reg i sters reg s e qco n f i g 1 (0x36) 7 s e qu e ncer s t a r t w t 0x00 co n tro l s t h e t o p lev e l s e qu e ncer w h en set to ?1 ? , exec u t e s the s t a rt tra n s i t i on. t h e sequ e nce r ca n on l y b e e na b le d wh e n t h e c h i p i s i n sle e p or s t a n dby mode. 6 s e qu e ncer s t o p wt 0x00 f o r c es t h e s e q ue n c e r o f f . always reads ?0? 5 id l e mode rw 0x00 sel e c t s chip mode d u ring the s t a t e : 0 : s t an d b y mo d e 1 : s l ee p mode 4 - 3 from s t a r t rw 0 x00 c o n t r o l s t h e seq u enc e r tr ans i ti o n wh e n seq u encerstart is s e t to 1 i n s l ee p o r st a nd b y mod e : 0 0 : to lowp o werselecti o n 0 1 : to rece i v e state 1 0 : to tra n sm i t st a t e 1 1 : to t r a n s m it s t a t e on a fifol e vel i n t e rr u pt 2 lowpo w e rsel e c ti o n rw 0x00 se l e cts the seq u encer l o wpower st a t e a f t e r a to l o wpowe r s e lection tr ansi t i o n: 0: seq u enceroff state with chip o n i n it i a l mode 1 : i d l e s t a t e w i t h c h ip o n st a nd b y or sleep m o d e de p en d in g on i d le m o d e not e: ini t ial mode is t he chi p l o wp ow e r m o d e at s e q u e n c e r s t ar t. 1 fromi d le rw 0x00 c o n t r o l s th e s e que n ce r tr a n s i t i o n fr o m t h e i dl e s t a t e o n a t1 i n t e rr u p t: 0 : t o tr ansmi t s t a te 1 : t o r eceiv e s t ate 0 from t ransmit rw 0 x00 c o n t r o l s th e s e que n ce r tr a n s i t i o n fr o m t h e tr a nsmi t s t a t e: 0 : t o l ow p ow ers e l e cti o n on a p a cketsent i n t e rr u p t 1 : t o r eceiv e s t a te o n a packet s ent i n t e rrupt t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 96 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on reg s e qco n f i g 2 (0x37) 7 - 5 fromreceive rw 0 x00 c o n t r o l s th e s e que n ce r tr a n s i t i o n fr o m t h e rec e iv e s t a te 0 0 0 an d 1 1 1 : u n used 0 0 1: to packet r ece i ved s t a t e on a p a y l oa d rea d y i n t e rr u p t 0 1 0 : to l o wpowerse l ect i o n o n a p a ylo adr e ad y i n t e rr u pt 0 1 1: to packet r ece i ved s t a t e on a crcok i n t e rr u p t (1) 1 0 0: to seq u enceroff st a t e o n a r s si i n t e rr u p t 1 0 1: to seq u enceroff st a t e o n a synca d dress i n t e rrupt 1 1 0: to seq u enceroff s t ate on a prea m b ledete c t i n t e rr u pt i rrespec ti v e o f t h i s se tti n g , t r a nsi ti o n to lo w p o werse l ect i o n o n a t2 i n t e rr up t (1) if t h e crc is wrong (corru p t ed p a cket, with crc on b u t crcautoc l earo n = 0 ) , t h e paylo a dready int e rrupt will dr i ve t h e se q ue n c e r to rxt i m e ou t s t a t e. 4 - 3 fromrx t ime o u t rw 0 x00 c o n t r o l s th e s t a t e - machi ne tra n si ti o n fr o m t h e r e c e iv e s t a t e o n a rx t i m e ou t int e rrupt (and on p a y l oa d rea d y if fromr e c e ive = 0 1 1): 0 0 : to rece i v e s t a t e , vi a r e ceiver es t a rt 0 1 : to tra n sm i t st a t e 1 0 : to lowp o werselecti o n 1 1 : to s e qu e ncerof f s t a te n o t e : rx t ime o u t i n t e rr u p t i s a t im e outrxrssi, t i m e outrxpreamb l e or timeoutsi g n alsy n c i n t e rr u p t 2 - 0 frompacketreceived rw 0 x00 co n t ro l s the s t at e - m a chine trans i t i o n fr o m the packet r ece i ved s t a t e: 00 0 : to sequ e ncero f f s t a t e 00 1 : to tra n sm i t st a t e o n a fif o em p ty i n t e rr u p t 01 0 : to lowp o wersele c ti o n 0 1 1: to re c e ive via fs m o d e , if f r equency was changed 10 0 : to receiv e s t a te ( n o fr e que n c y ch a nge) re g t imerresol (0x38) 7 - 4 unus e d r - un u sed 3 - 2 t imer1resolution rw 0x00 res o lution of t imer 1 00: t imer1 dis a bled 01 : 6 4 us 10 : 4 .1 ms 1 1 : 262 ms 1 - 0 t imer2resolution rw 0x00 res o lution of t imer 2 00: t imer2 dis a bled 01 : 6 4 us 10 : 4 .1 ms 1 1 : 262 ms reg t i m e r 1co ef (0x39) 7 - 0 t imer1coe f f i c i ent rw 0xf5 multip l ying coe f fici e n t f o r t im er 1 reg t i m e r 2co ef (0x3a) 7 - 0 t i mer2co e f f i c i ent rw 0x20 multip l ying coe f fici e n t f o r t imer 2 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 97 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on servi c e registers r eg i mag e cal (0x3b) 7 a u t o im ag e c a lon rw 0x00 * co n t ro l s the image cal i bration mec h anism 0 ? c a libr a ti o n o f t h e rece i v e r d e pen d in g o n t h e t emp e r a t u re i s dis a bled 1 ? c a libr a ti o n o f t h e rece i v e r d ep e ndi ng o n t h e t e m p era t ure en a bl e d . 6 ima g eca l s t art w t - t r ig g er s t h e iq a n d r s s i cali b ra ti o n wh e n se t i n s t and b y mo d e . 5 im age c alr u nni ng r 0x00 se t to 1 wh i le t h e ima g e an d rss i ca l i bra t i o n ar e runn i ng. t og g les back to 0 w h en the process is complet e d 4 u n used r - un u sed 3 t e mp c han g e r 0x00 i r q flag w i t n essing a t e mper a t u r e c h ange e x c e ed i ng t e mpt h res h old si n c e t h e l a st i m a ge and r s si calibrat i on: 0 ? t e m p era t ur e cha n g e lo w e r t h a n t e m p t h r e shold 1 ? t e m p era t ur e cha n g e gre a t e r t ha n t emp t hres h old 2 - 1 t e m p t h r e shold rw 0x01 t emp e r a t ur e chan g e t h r e shol d to t r i gg e r a n e w i/q cal i bra t ion 0 0 ? 5 c 0 1 ? 10 c 1 0 ? 15 c 1 1 ? 20 c 0 t e mpm o nit o r o f f rw 0x00 co n t ro l s the t e mper a t ure mo n it o r o perati o n: 0 ? t e mper a t u r e mo n it o ring d o ne in all mod e s exce p t sle e p and s t a n dby 1 ? t emp e r at u re m o ni t ori n g s t o p ped. re g t emp (0 x 3 c) 7 - 0 t e m p v a l u e r - m e asure d t emper a t u r e - 1c p e r lsb needs ca l ibration f o r abs o lute accuracy r e gl o wbat (0x3d) 7 - 4 u n used r - un u sed 3 lo w baton rw 0 x00 lo w ba t t e ry d e t e cto r e n abl e si g nal 0 ? lowb a t d e tector dis a bled 1 ? lowb a t d e tector en a bl e d 2 - 0 lo w bat t r i m rw 0 x02 t r i m mi n g of the l o wbat t h res h old: 00 0 ? 1 . 6 9 5 v 00 1 ? 1 . 7 6 4 v 01 0 ? 1 . 8 3 5 v (d) 0 1 1 ? 1 .9 0 5 v 10 0 ? 1 . 9 7 6 v 10 1 ? 2 . 0 4 5 v 1 1 0 ? 2 . 1 1 6 v 11 1 ? 2 . 1 8 5 v s t at us r e gist e rs t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 98 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on re g i r q fla g s1 (0x3e) 7 mode r ea d y r - s e t wh e n t h e oper a ti o n m o d e req u es t e d i n mod e , i s ready - sl e ep : e n t e r i n g sle e p m o de - s t a ndby : x o i s r u nn i ng - fs: pll is locked - rx: r s si sampling s t ar t s - t x : p a ramp - up c o m p leted cle a r e d whe n ch a ng i n g t h e op e r a t i n g mode. 6 rxready r - s e t i n r x mod e , a f t e r rss i, a gc a n d afc. cle a r e d whe n l eavi ng r x. 5 tx r eady r - s e t in tx mode, a f ter p a ramp - up. cle a r e d whe n l eavi ng tx. 4 pl l lock r - s e t (i n fs, r x o r tx) w h e n t h e pl l i s locke d. cle a r e d whe n i t i s no t. 3 rssi rwc - s e t i n r x wh e n t h e r s si v a l u e excee d s rssithreshold. cle a r e d whe n l eavi ng r x o r se t t i n g t hi s bi t to 1. 2 t imeo u t r - s e t wh e n a t i m e ou t o ccurs cle a r e d whe n l eavi ng r x o r f i fo i s emp t ie d. 1 p r eambledetect rwc - set w hen the preamb l e det e ct o r h a s f o u nd valid pre a mble. b it cl ea r w h en s e t to 1 0 sy n c a d dressmatch rwc - s e t wh e n sync a nd address (if e na b led) are d e tecte d . cle a r e d whe n l eavi ng r x o r f i fo i s emp t ied. th i s b i t is rea d o n ly in packet mo d e , rwc in co n t i nuo u s mo d e re g i r q fla g s2 (0x3f) 7 fif o f u ll r - set w hen f i fo is f u ll (i. e . co n t a i ns 66 byt e s), else cl e a red. 6 fif o empty r - se t w h e n f ifo i s e m p t y , a n d cle a r e d whe n t her e i s a t l eas t 1 by te i n t h e f if o . 5 f i fo l evel r - set w hen the num b e r o f byt e s in t h e fifo strictly exceeds f i f o thr e s h ol d , else cl e a red. 4 fif oo ver r u n rwc - s e t wh e n fifo overrun occurs. ( e xc e p t i n s l eep mo d e ) fl a g (s) a n d fifo are cleared when t h is b it is s e t . th e fi f o t he n becomes immed i at e ly avai l able f o r t h e next transmission / r e cep t io n . 3 packet s ent r - s e t i n tx w h e n t h e compl e t e p a ck e t h a s b e e n sen t. cle a r e d whe n e x i t i n g tx 2 p a yloa d re a d y r - set i n rx w h en the p a yl o ad is ready (i. e . l a st byte received and crc , i f e n ab l e d an d crcauto c learoff is c l eare d , is ok). c lear e d wh e n f i f o i s e m p t y . 1 c r cok r - se t i n r x w h e n t h e c r c o f t h e p ayl o a d i s ok . c l ear e d whe n f i fo is empt y . 0 lo w b a t r wc - se t w he n t h e ba tt er y v o l t a g e dro p s b e lo w t h e lo w ba tt ery t h resho l d . c l eare d o nl y whe n s e t to 1 b y t h e us e r . io control registers t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 99 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on re g d i o m a p p i n g1 (0x40) 7 - 6 d io0ma p pi n g rw 0x00 m a ppi ng o f p i n s dio 0 to d io5 s e e t abl e 2 3 fo r map p in g i n l or a mode s e e t abl e 2 7 fo r map p in g i n c o n t in u ou s m o de s e e t a bl e 2 8 f o r m a pp i n g i n packe t m o de 5 - 4 d io1ma p pi n g rw 0x00 3 - 2 d io2ma p pi n g rw 0x00 1 - 0 d io3ma p pi n g rw 0x00 re g d i o m a p p i n g2 (0x41) 7 - 6 d io4ma p pi n g rw 0x00 5 - 4 d io5ma p pi n g rw 0x00 3 - 1 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved. re t a in default value 0 mappre a mblede t e ct rw 0 x00 all o w s t h e m a p p i n g of e it h er rssi or preamb l edetect t o t h e dio pi n s, a s summ a r ize d o n t a b le 2 7 a n d t abl e 2 8 0 ? rssi i n t e rr u pt 1 ? preambledetect i n t e rr up t v e rs i o n reg i s t er r e g v ersion (0x42) 7 - 0 v e rsi o n r 0 x 1 1 v ersio n co d e o f t h e chi p . bi t s 7 - 4 g i v e t h e fu l l r e visio n n umber; bi t s 3 - 0 give the me t a l m a sk revis i on numb e r . ad d i t i on a l r e gis t ers regpl l hop (0x44) 7 fasthopon rw 0 x00 by p a sses t h e m a in s t a t e mach i ne f o r a q u ick fre q ue n cy h o p. w r i t i ng re g f rflsb will trig g e r t h e freq u ency change. 0 ? frf i s v a li d a t e d whe n fs t x o r fsr x i s requ e sted 1 ? frf i s v a li d a t e d tr i gger e d w he n r e gfr f ls b i s wri t t e n 6 - 0 res er v ed rw 0x2d reserved reg t cxo (0x4b) 7 - 5 reser v ed rw 0x00 reserved. re t a in default value 4 t cxoinputon rw 0 x00 controls the crys t al os c i llator 0 ? crys t al oscillator with exte r n al crys t al 1 ? ex t erna l cl i ppe d s i n e tcx o a c - c o nn e c t e d to x t a pin 3 - 0 res e rv e d rw 0x09 res e rv e d . r e t a i n defau l t val u e. r e gpad a c (0x4d) 7 - 3 reser v ed rw 0x10 reserved. re t a in default value 2 - 0 padac rw 0 x04 ena b le s t h e +2 0 db m o pt i o n o n p a _boos t p in 0x04 ? d e f au lt v a lue 0x07 ? +2 0 d bm on p a_ b oo s t whe n o u t pu tp ow e r = 11 1 1 regformer t emp (0x5b) 7 - 0 former t e mp rw - t e mper a t u r e s a v e d during the l a t e st iq (rssi a n d ima g e) cal i brated. s a me f o rmat as t e m p v a l u e in re g t e m p . re g b i t r a tefrac (0x5d) 7 - 4 u n used r 0 x00 un u sed 3 - 0 bit r atefrac rw 0 x00 fr a c ti o na l p a r t o f t h e b i t ra te divi d e r (on l y va l id f o r f sk) if bi t ra t e f r a c > 0 t h en: b i t r a t e = --------- - ---------------- - f --- - x --- - o ---- - s -- - c - ---------------- - ---------- - - b i t r a t e (15 , 0) + - b - -- - i - - t - - r - - a --- - t - - e - - - f --- - r - - a --- - c - 16 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 100 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value fs k / oo k d esc r i p ti on r egagcref (0x61) 7 - 6 u n used r - un u sed 5 - 0 agcrefe r encelevel rw 0 x19 se t s the flo o r ref e re n c e f o r all agc thr e sholds: ag c r e f e r e nce [ dbm]= - 17 4 dbm+1 0 * log(2* rxb w )+snr+ a g c r e f erence l evel sn r = 8db , f i x e d value r e gagct h resh1 (0x62) 7 - 5 u n used r - un u sed 4 - 0 a g c s t e p 1 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 1st agc t h resho l d r e gagct h resh2 (0x63) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 2 rw 0x04 defi n e s t h e 2 n d agc t h resho l d: 3 - 0 agc s t e p3 rw 0 x 0 b de fin e s t h e 3 rd agc th re s h o ld: r e gagct h resh3 (0x64) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 4 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 4th agc t h resh o ld: 3 - 0 a g c s t e p 5 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 5th agc t h resh o ld: 6.3. b a nd s p e cific additional registers t h e r e giste rs i n t he a d d res s s p ac e f r o m 0x6 1 t o 0x7 3 a re s p ecifi c f or o p er at io n i n t he l owe r fr e qu e nc y b a nd s ( b elo w 5 2 5 m hz ), o r i n th e u pp er fr e qu e nc y b a n ds ( a b o v e 8 6 0 mhz) . t hei r p r o g r amm ed v a lu e m ay di f f e r , a n d a re r e t ain ed w h en switc h in g fr om l o w er t o hi g h fr e q u enc y a n d vic e - ve r sa . t he acc e s s t o th e b an d sp e c ifi c re gi st e r s i s g r ante d by e n abli n g or di sabli n g t he bit 3 l o wf r e q u e ncy m od e o n o f t he re g o p mo de r e gi ste r . b y d e f a ult , th e bi t l owf r eq u e n cym o deo n i s a t ? 1? i n dicatin g t h a t th e r e gi st e r s ar e c o nfigu r e d fo r t he lo w f r e q ue n c y b a nd. t a ble 8 7 low freq u ency addition a l registers name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t value l ow f re q u e nc y a d d i t i o n a l r e g i ste r s re g agcreflf (0x61) 7 - 6 u n used r - un u sed 5 - 0 agcrefe r encelevel rw 0 x19 se t s the flo o r ref e re n c e f o r all agc thr e sholds: ag c r e f e r e nce [ dbm]= - 17 4 dbm+1 0 *log(2* rxb w )+snr+ a g c r e f erence l evel sn r = 8db , f i x e d value re g a g cthr e sh1lf (0x62) 7 - 5 u n used r - un u sed 4 - 0 a g c s t e p 1 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 1st agc t h resho l d re g a g cthr e sh2lf (0x63) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 2 rw 0x04 defi n e s t h e 2 n d agc t h resho l d: 3 - 0 agc s t e p3 rw 0 x 0 b de fin e s t h e 3 rd agc th re s h o ld: re g a g cthr e sh3lf (0x64) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 4 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 4th agc t h resh o ld: 3 - 0 a g c s t e p 5 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 5th agc t h resh o ld: r egpl l lf (0x70) 7 - 6 pllbandwi d th rw 0x03 co n tro l s t h e pl l b a nd w i d t h : 0 0 ? 75 khz 1 0 ? 2 2 5 khz 0 1 ? 1 5 0 khz 1 1 ? 3 0 0 khz 5 - 0 reser v ed rw 0x10 reserved. re t a in default value t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 101 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t a ble 8 8 high fr e quency ad d iti o nal re g ist e rs name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode d e f a u l t valu e l ow f re q u e nc y a d d i t i o n a l r e g i ste r s rega g c r e f h f (0x61) 7 - 6 u n used r - un u sed 5 - 0 agcrefe r encelevel rw 0 x1c se t s the flo o r ref e re n c e f o r all agc thr e sholds: ag c r e f e r e nce [ dbm]= - 17 4 dbm+1 0 *log(2* rxb w )+snr+ a g c r e f erence l evel sn r = 8db , f i x e d val ue r egagct h resh 1 h f (0x62) 7 - 5 u n used r - un u sed 4 - 0 a g c s t e p 1 rw 0x0e defi n e s t h e 1st agc t h resho l d r egagct h resh 2 h f (0x63) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 2 rw 0x05 defi n e s t h e 2 n d agc t h resho l d: 3 - 0 agc s t e p3 rw 0 x 0 b de fin e s t h e 3 rd agc th re s h o ld: r egagct h resh 3 h f (0x64) 7 - 4 a g c s t e p 4 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 4th agc t h resh o ld: 3 - 0 a g c s t e p 5 rw 0x0c defi n e s t h e 5th agc t h resh o ld: re g pllhf (0x70) 7 - 6 pllbandwi d th rw 0x03 co n tro l s t h e pl l b a nd w i d t h : 0 0 ? 75 khz 1 0 ? 2 2 5 khz 0 1 ? 1 5 0 khz 1 1 ? 3 0 0 khz 5 - 0 reser v ed rw 0x10 reserved. re t a in default value t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 102 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 6.4. lora tm mode register map t h is section d e t ails the rfm95/96/97/98(w) register mapping and the p r ecise conte n t s of each register in lor a tm m o d e. i t i s esse n ti al t o u nd e rs t a nd tha t t he l o r a mo d e m i s co nt r o ll ed in d e p en d entl y o f th e fs k m od e m . t he r efo r e , c a r e sh o uld be t a ken when accessing the r e gisters, especially as some re gi st er ma y h a v e th e s a m e n a m e i n l o r a o r fs k m o de. t h e l o r a re gi st e r s ar e o nl y acc e ssi b l e w h e n th e d evic e i s s et i n l or a m od e ( a n d , i n t he s a m e wa y , th e fsk r egiste r a r e only acces s i b le in fsk mode). howeve r , in some c a s es, it may be ne c e s sary t o acc e s s so me o f th e fs k r egiste r w h il e in l or a m od e. t o t h i s ai m , t he acc e ss h a r edre g bi t wa s c r e a t ed i n t he regopm o d e registe r . this bit, when set to ?1?, will g r a n t ac c e s s t o t h e fsk r eg ist e r 0 x 0d up t o t h e r e gi s ter 0x3 f . onc e t he s e tu p h as b e e n d on e, i t i s st r on g l y r ecom m en d ed to clear this bit so that lora r e gister can be a c cessed n o r m all y . convention: r: read, w: wri te, c : set to clear and t: trigg e r . name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e set lor a tm d e scr ip t ion reg f i fo ( 0 x00) 7 - 0 f i fo rw 0 x 00 lor a tm b ase - b a n d f ifo da t a in p u t / o ut p u t. f i fo i s clear ed a n not accessible when device is in sleep m o de common re g ist e r settings regopmode ( 0 x01) 7 lo n grangemo d e rw 0 x0 0 ? fsk/ook mode 1 ? lor a tm mode t hi s bi t ca n b e m o di fi e d onl y i n slee p m o de . a w r i t e oper a ti o n on o t h e r d e vic e m o de s i s ign o red. 6 accesssharedreg rw 0 x0 t h is bit o perates wh e n device is in l o ra m o de; i f set i t a l lows access to fsk r e gisters p age l o c a t e d in ad d ress s p a ce (0x0 d : 0x 3 f ) whi l e in lora mo d e 0 ? access lora r e gisters p a ge 0x0 d : 0x3f 1 ? access fsk registers p age (in mo d e lora) 0 x 0 d : 0x 3 f 5 - 4 reserved r 0 x00 reserved 3 lo w fre q uencymodeon rw 0 x01 access l o w fr e que n cy mode r e gisters 0 ? h i g h fr e que n c y mo d e ( a cc e ss to h f t es t re g i st e r s) 1 ? low frequency mode (access to lf t e st r eg i s t e r s) 2 - 0 mode rwt 0 x01 device modes 0 0 0 ? sleep 0 0 1 ? stdby 0 1 0 ? fr e que n cy synthes i s tx (fstx) 0 1 1 ? t ransmit (tx) 1 0 0 ? fr e que n cy synthes i s rx (fsrx) 1 0 1 ? rece i ve c o n t inu o u s ( r xcon ti nuo u s) 1 1 0 ? r e c e ive sin g le ( r xsi ng l e ) 11 1 ? channel activity detection (cad) ( 0 x02) 7 - 0 reserved r 0 x00 - ( 0 x03) 7 - 0 reserved r 0 x00 - ( 0 x04) 7 - 0 reserved rw 0x00 - ( 0 x05) 7 - 0 reserved r 0 x00 - reg f rmsb ( 0 x06) 7 - 0 frf(23:1 6 ) rw 0 x6c msb o f rf carri e r freq u ency regfrmid ( 0 x07) 7 - 0 frf(15:8) rw 0 x80 msb o f rf carri e r freq u ency t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 103 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e set lor a tm d e scr ip t ion regfrlsb ( 0 x08) 7 - 0 frf(7:0) rwt 0 x00 lsb of r f carrier fre q ue n cy f = --- - ( - - x --- - o ---- - s - - - c --- - ) -- - ? -- - f --- - r - - - f rf 2 19 res o lution i s 6 1 . 0 35 hz if f ( xosc) = 32 mhz. def a u lt va l ue is 0x6c 8 000 = 4 34 mhz. re g ist e r va l ues must be mo d ified o n ly when device is in sleep or s t and - by m o de. registe r s for rf blo c ks regp a con f ig ( 0 x09) 7 paselect rw 0x00 sel e c t s p a o u t p ut p i n 0 ? r fo p i n . ou t pu t pow er i s limi t e d to + 1 4 dbm. 1 ? p a _boos t p i n . ou t p u t po w e r i s l i m i t e d t o + 2 0 dbm 6 - 4 maxpower rw 0 x04 sel e ct max output power: pmax=1 0 . 8 + 0.6 * m a xpower [ d bm] 3 - 0 o u t p u t p o wer rw 0 x0f pout=p m a x - (15 - o u tputpower ) i f pasel e c t = 0 (rf o pin) pout=17 - (15 - outputpower) if p a sele c t = 1 ( p a_boost pin) regp a r amp ( 0 x 0 a) 7 - 5 unused r - u nused 4 reserved rw 0x00 reserved 3 - 0 paramp ( 3 :0) rw 0 x09 ris e / f al l ti m e o f r a m p u p/ d ow n i n fsk 0 0 0 0 ? 3.4 ms 0 0 0 1 ? 2 ms 0 0 1 0 ? 1 ms 0 0 1 1 ? 5 0 0 us 0 1 0 0 ? 2 5 0 us 0 1 0 1 ? 1 2 5 us 0 1 1 0 ? 1 0 0 us 0 1 1 1 ? 6 2 us 1 0 0 0 ? 5 0 u s 1 0 0 1 ? 4 0 u s 1 0 1 0 ? 3 1 u s 1 0 1 1 ? 2 5 u s 1 1 0 0 ? 2 0 u s 1 1 0 1 ? 1 5 u s 11 1 0 ? 1 2 us 11 1 1 ? 1 0 us regocp ( 0 x 0 b 7 - 6 un u sed r 0 x 00 u n used 5 oc p o n rw 0 x01 en a b les overload curre n t protection (ocp) f o r p a: 0 ? ocp dis a bl e d 1 ? ocp e na b led 4 - 0 oc p t r i m rw 0 x0b t rimming of ocp curre n t : i ma x = 45+5*ocp t rim [ma] if ocp t rim <= 1 5 (120 ma) / i ma x = - 3 0+10*ocp t rim [ma] i f 15 < ocp t rim <= 27 (1 3 0 to 2 4 0 ma) i ma x = 240ma f o r h igh e r settings d e f a ult i max = 10 0 ma t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 104 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e set lor a tm d e scr ip t ion reg l na ( 0 x 0c) 7 - 5 l n again rwx 0 x01 l n a g a in s e tti ng : 0 0 0 ? n o t used 0 0 1 ? g1 = maximum gain 0 1 0 ? g2 0 1 1 ? g3 1 0 0 ? g4 1 0 1 ? g5 1 1 0 ? g 6 = m i nimu m ga i n 1 1 1 ? n o t used 4 - 3 l n aboost l f rw 0x00 l o w freq u ency (rfi_lf) l n a c u rr e n t a d justment 0 0 ? default lna current o t her ? reserved 2 reserved rw 0x00 reserved 1 - 0 l n aboost h f rw 0x00 hi g h fre q uency (rfi_ h f) lna current a d j u stment 0 0 ? default lna current 1 1 ? b o ost o n , 1 5 0% lna current lo r a p age r e gisters reg f i f oad d rp tr ( 0 x 0d) 7 - 0 f i f o a d drptr rw 0 x00 sp i i n t e r f ac e a ddres s po i nt e r i n fi f o d a t a b u f f e r . reg f i f o t xb a s ead dr ( 0 x 0 e) 7 - 0 f i f o txbasea d dr rw 0 x80 write base a ddress in fifo da t a bu f f e r f o r tx mo d u l a tor regfiforxbasead dr ( 0 x 0f) 7 - 0 f i f o rxb a seaddr rw 0 x00 read b a se ad d ress i n fifo d a t a b u f fer f o r rx demodulat o r regfiforxcu r r e nt addr ( 0 x10) 7 - 0 f i f o rxcurrentaddr r n /a s t a r t ad d r e ss (in d a t a b u f f e r) of last p a cket r e c e ived regirqflagsmask ( 0 x 1 1) 7 rx t imeo u tmask rw 0 x00 t imeout interrupt m a sk: s e tting this bit m a sks the corresponding i r q i n r e g i r q f l ags 6 rxdon e mask rw 0 x00 p a ck e t r e c ep ti o n co m p l e te i n t e rr u pt m a sk: s e t t i n g t h is b it ma s ks the corresponding irq in re g i rqfla g s 5 payloadcrcerrormask rw 0 x00 p a ylo a d crc e rr o r i n t e rr u pt m a sk: s e tti n g t h is b it m a s k s t h e corresp o nd i n g i r q i n re g irq fl a g s 4 v a li d he adermask rw 0 x00 v a l i d hea d er r e ceived i n r x mask: setting this bit masks the corresp o nd i n g i r q i n re g irq fl a g s 3 txd o nemask rw 0 x00 fifo payload transmission complete i n t e rr up t m a s k: s e t t ing t h is b i t masks the corres p ond i ng irq in re g i r q fl a g s 2 ca d don e m a sk rw 0 x 00 cad complete inter r upt mask: setting this bit masks the corresp o nd i n g i r q i n re g irq fl a g s 1 f h ss c han g ech a nn e lm ask rw 0x00 fhss ch a nge ch a nnel i n terrupt m a s k: setti n g th i s b it masks the corresp o nd i n g i r q i n re g irq fl a g s 0 ca d d etect e dmask rw 0 x00 c a d d et e c t ed in t e rr u pt m a sk: s e tti n g t h is b it m a sks t h e corresp o nd i n g i r q i n re g irq fl a g s t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 105 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e set lor a tm d e scr ip t ion reg i rq fl ags ( 0 x12) 7 rx t imeo u t rc 0 x00 t i me o u t i n t e rr u p t: a wri te op e r a t i o n cle a r s i r q 6 rxdone rc 0 x00 packet r e ception comp l e te int e rrupt: a write op e ration cle a rs i r q 5 payloadcrcerror rc 0 x00 payl o ad crc error int e rru p t : a write o perati o n c l ears irq 4 v a li d header rc 0 x00 v a l i d hea d er r e ceived i n r x : a write oper a t i on clears i r q 3 txd o ne rc 0 x00 f i fo payl o ad tr a n smission comp l e te i n t e rrupt: a write o p eration clears irq 2 ca d d one rc 0 x00 cad complet e : write to cl e a r: a write o p eration cl e a r s i r q 1 f h ss c han g ech a nn e l rc 0 x00 f h ss ch a nge ch a nnel i n t e rrupt: a write op e ration cle a rs i r q 0 ca d de t ect e d rc 0 x00 v a l i d lora sig n al detected d u ring cad op e ration: a write o p eration cl e a rs i r q regrx n bbyt e s ( 0 x13) 7 - 0 f i f o rxbyt e snb r n / a n um b e r o f p a y l oad byt e s of l a t e st p a cket received regrx h ead e rcnt v a l u e m sb ( 0 x14) 7 - 0 v a li d headercntmsb(15: 8) r n / a num b er o f val i d hea d ers r e c e ived si n c e l a st transiti o n i n to rx mod e , msb( 1 5 : 8 ). h e ader a n d p a cket co u n t e rs a re r e set e d in sle e p m o de. regrx h ead e rcnt v a l u e l sb ( 0 x15) 7 - 0 v a li d headercnt l sb( 7 : 0 ) r n / a num b er o f val i d hea d ers r e c e ived si n c e l a st transiti o n i n to rx mod e , lsb(7:0). h e ad e r a n d p a cket c o unters are reseted in sle e p m o de. regrxpa c ketcntv alu e msb ( 0 x16) 7 - 0 v a li d packet c ntms b (15: 8) rc n/a number of valid p a cke t s received since last t r ansition into rx mod e , msb( 1 5 : 8 ). h e ader a n d p a cket co u n t e rs a re r e set e d in sle e p m o de. regrxpa c ketcntv aluelsb ( 0 x17) 7 - 0 v a li d packet c ntlsb(7:0) r n /a number of valid p a cke t s received since la st t r ansition into rx mod e , lsb(7:0). h e ad e r a n d p a cket c o unters are reseted in sle e p m o de. regmodem s t at ( 0 x18) 7 - 5 rxcoding r ate r n / a c o d ing rate of last h ead e r rec e ived 4 modem s t at u s r ? 1? mod e m cl e a r 3 r ? 0 ? h e a der info val i d 2 r ? 0 ? r x on - g o ing 1 r ?0? signal synchronized 0 r ? 0 ? sig n a l d e tected regpktsnr v al u e ( 0 x19) 7 - 0 packetsnr r n / a estimation o f snr on last p a cket r e ceived.in t w o ? s compl i m e nt f o rm a t m u t ipli e d by 4. sn r [ d b ] = p - --- - a -- - c -- - k -- - e -- - t - - s -- - n -- - - r - - [ -- - t - - w - - - - o --- - s -- - c -- - o -- - m - - -- - p -- - l - i - - m ---- - e - - n - - - t -- - ] 4 t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 106 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e set lor a tm d e scr ip t ion regpktrssi v a lue ( 0 x 1 a) 7 - 0 packetrssi r n / a r ss i o f t h e l a t e s t p acke t r e ceive d (dbm) r s s i [ d b m ] = C 137 + pac k e t rssi regrss i v a lue ( 0 x 1 b) 7 - 0 rssi r n / a c u rr en t r s si v a l u e (d b m) rssi [ db m ] = C 137 + rssi regh o pch a nn e l ( 0 x 1c) 7 pll t im e out r n / a p l l f a i led to lock whi l e attempti n g a tx/ r x/cad o p eration 1 ? p l l di d n o t l o ck 0 ? p l l di d l o ck 6 rxpayloadcrcon r n /a c r c i n f o rmation e xtracted from t h e rec e ived p a ck e t he a der 0 ? hea d e r i ndic a t e s cr c o f f 1 ? hea d e r i ndic a t e s cr c o n 5 - 0 f h sspr e s e n t cha n nel r n /a c urren t v a lu e o f fre q ue n c y h o ppi ng chan n e l i n us e . regmodemconfig 1 ( 0 x 1d) 7 - 4 bw rw 0x07 sig n a l b a ndwi d t h : 0 0 0 0 ? 7.8 khz 0 0 0 1 ? 1 0 . 4 khz 0 0 1 0 ? 1 5 . 6 khz 0 0 1 1 ? 2 0 . 8 k h z 0 1 0 0 ? 3 1 . 2 5 k h z 0 1 0 1 ? 4 1 . 7 khz 0 1 1 0 ? 6 2 . 5 khz 0 1 1 1 ? 1 2 5 khz 1 0 0 0 ? 2 5 0 khz 1 0 0 1 ? 5 0 0 khz o t h e r val u e s ? reserved in t h e l o wer b a nd (169mhz), s i gn a l b an d wi d ths 8&9 are not sup p orted) 3 - 1 co d i ng r ate rw ? 00 1 ? error c o ding rate 0 0 1 ? 4 /5 0 1 0 ? 4 /6 0 1 1 ? 4 /7 1 0 0 ? 4 /8 al l o t h e r va l ue s ? reserved in implic i t he a der mode sh o u ld be set on rece i v e r to determi n e exp e ct e d c o di n g r a t e . se e sec t io n 4 . 1 . 1 .3 0 im p licithe a dermodeon rw 0 x0 0 ? exp l ici t h e ad e r mode 1 ? implic i t he a der mode t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 107 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet name (ad d r e ss) bi t s v a r i a b le n am e mode r e s et lor a tm d e scr ip t ion regmodemconfig 2 ( 0 x 1 e) 7 - 4 s p rea d ingfact o r rw 0 x07 sf rate (expr e ss e d as a b a s e - 2 l o g a rit h m) 6 ? 64 chi p s / sy m bol 7 ? 128 chi p s / symbol 8 ? 256 chi p s / symbol 9 ? 512 chi p s / symbol 1 0 ? 1024 c h i p s / sym b o l 1 1 ? 2048 chi p s / s y mbol 1 2 ? 4096 c h i p s / sym b o l o t h e r val u e s r e served. 3 txc o ntinuousmode rw 0 0 ? n orm a l m o de , a s i ng l e p acke t i s se n t 1 ? co n t i nuo u s mo d e , se n d m u ltiple p a cke t s across t h e fifo (used f o r spectral an a lysis) 2 rxpayloadcr con rw 0x00 c r c i n f o rmation e xtracted from t h e rec e ived p a ck e t he a der 0 ? hea d e r i ndic a t e s cr c o f f 1 ? hea d e r i ndic a t e s cr c o n 1 - 0 sym b t imeo u t(9:8) rw 0 x00 rx t ime - o u t msb regsymb t im e outl sb ( 0 x 1f) 7 - 0 sym b t i meo u t(7 : 0) rw 0 x 64 rx t ime - o u t lsb r x op e r a t i o n ti me - ou t v a lu e e x p r esse d a s numb e r o f sym b ols: timeou t = symb t imeou t ? ts regprea m b lemsb ( 0 x20) 7 - 0 preamb l ele n gth(15:8) rw 0 x0 preamb l e len g t h msb , = pre a m b le l eng th + 4 . 2 5 symbo l s see section xx for more de t a ils. regpre a m b l e l sb ( 0 x2 1) 7 - 0 preamb l ele n gth(7:0) rw 0 x8 preamb l e len g th l sb regp a y l oa d len g th ( 0 x22) 7 - 0 paylo a dl e ng t h(7 : 0) rw 0x1 payl o a d le n g th i n by t es . t h e reg i s t e r ne e d s t o b e s e t i n imp l icit h e ade r mod e f o r t h e expec t e d p a ck e t le n g t h . a 0 valu e i s n o t p e rm i t t e d regmaxpay l oad l e ng th ( 0 x23) 7 - 0 paylo a dmaxl e ngth(7:0) rw 0x f f maximum p a yl o ad le n g t h ; if he a der p a yl o ad le n g th exceeds val u e a h e ade r cr c e r r o r i s g en e r a t e d . a l low s f il t erin g o f p acket wi th a b a d s i z e . regh o p p e riod ( 0 x24) 7 - 0 f r e qho p p i n gp e ri o d ( 7 : 0) rw 0x0 symbol periods betwe e n frequ e ncy ho p s. (0 = d i sable d ). 1st h op a l way s h ap p e n a f t e r t h e 1s t h ea d e r symb o l regfiforxbyteadd r ( 0 x25) 7 - 0 f i f o rxby t ea d drptr r n / a curr e nt va l ue of rx d a t a b u f fer p o i n ter (ad d ress o f last byte written by lora rece i ver) regmodemconfig 3 ( 0 x26) 7 - 4 un u s ed r 0 x 0 0 3 mobi l e no d e rw 0 x00 0 ? use f o r s t atic no d e 1 ? us e f o r m o bi l e n ode 2 agcautoon rw 0 x00 0 ? l n a g a in s e t by r e gist e r l na g a in 1 ? l n a g a in s e t by t h e i n t e r na l a g c l o o p 1 - 0 reserved rw 0x00 reser v ed ( 0 x27) - (0x3f) - reserved r n /a reser v ed t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 108 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimi na r y d at a sheet 7. application information 7.1. crys t al reso n ator s pecification t a b le 8 9 shows the crys t al resonator s pecifi c ation for the cr y s t a l ref e ren c e oscillator c ircuit of the rfm95/96/97/98(w) . this specificati o n covers the full range of operat ion of t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) a n d is e mp loy e d in t h e r e f e r en ce d e si g n. t a ble 8 9 crys t al specification symbol de s c ription c on d it i o ns min t y p m a x unit fx o sc x t al f r e qu e ncy - 32 - m h z rs x t al serial resis t ance - 30 tbc ohms c0 x t al shunt ca p a ci t ance - 2 . 8 tbc pf cfoot ext e r n a l f o o t c a p aci t a n c e on each p i n x t a and xtb 8 15 22 pf c l oad crys t a l l oad c a p a ci t ance 6 - 12 pf notes - the initial frequen c y tolerance, temperature s t abili t y and ageing performan c e sho u ld be c hosen in ac c ordance wi t h th e t ar g e t op e r a ti ng tem p er a t u r e r a n g e a n d th e r eceive r ba n dwi d t h s e lect e d . - t h e lo ad ing c a p a ci t a n c e s h o u ld be a p p li e d e x te rn all y , an d a d a p t ed t o t he act u a l cloa d s p ecificati o n o f th e x t al. 7.2. reset of the chip a po w er - on reset of the rfm95/96/9 7/98(w) is triggered at power up. a dditionall y , a manual res e t c an be is s ued by c ontrolling pin 6. 7 .2.1. por if the application requires the disconnection of vdd from t he rfm95/96/97/98(w) , despit e o f th e extr e mel y l ow sle ep m o de current, the user should wait f or 10 ms f rom of the end of the p o r cycle before commen c ing commu n i c a t ions o v er the spi bus. pin 7 (nreset) should be le f t floating during the por sequence. figure 42. por t iming di a gram ple a se n o t e th a t a n y cl k out ac t ivity c a n al s o be used to detect that the chip is read y . t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 109 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7 .2.2. manu a l reset a m a nu al r e s e t o f t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) is p o s s ible e v e n f o r a p pli c ations in whi c h vdd cannot be p h y sic a lly d is c o n n e c t e d . pin 7 s h oul d b e p u lle d l ow fo r a hu n d r e d mi c r oseco n ds , a n d th en r e lea s e d. t h e use r s h o u l d t h e n wai t fo r 5 ms b e for e usin g the chip. figure 4 3 . m a nual r e set t i mi n g diagr a m note whilst pin 7 is driven lo w , an o v er current con s u m ption of up to one milliam p ere c an be seen on vdd. 7.3. t o p sequencer: listen mo d e examples in this s cenario, the c ircuit sp e nds most of the time in idle m ode, during which only the rc o scillator is on. periodi c ally the r eceiv er w a ke s up an d l o ok s fo r i n c o min g sig n al . i f a w a nte d sig n a l i s d e t e cte d, th e r ecei ve r i s k e p t on a nd da t a a r e a n al yze d. ot h e r wis e, i f t h e re wa s n o wa n t ed sig n a l fo r a defin ed period of time, the r e ceiver is switched o f f until the n e xt r e c e ive p e ri od . du r ing l is t en mo d e , t he r ad io s t a y s mo st of t h e ti m e in a lo w p o w e r m od e, r e s u lti n g i n ve r y l o w a v e r a g e p o w e r consump t ion. the general timing dia g ram of this sce n a r io is given in fig u re 4 4. l i s t e n m o d e : p r i n c i p l e receive idle ( sl e ep + rc ) rece i ve idle figure 4 4. listen mo d e: principle a n i n ter r u pt r eq u es t i s ge n e r ate d on a p a ck et r e c eptio n. t he use r c an t h e n t a k e a p p r o pri ate acti o n . depending on the applicati o n and e n vironme n t, the r e a r e s e v e r a l w a ys to i m pl em e n t lis t en mo d e : ? w a k e on a preambledetect i n t e r r u pt ? w a k e on a sy nc a d d r es s i n t e r r upt ? w a k e on a paylo a drea d y i n t e r r u pt 7 .3.1. w a ke on prea m ble int e rrupt in o n e p o s si b le sc e n a ri o , t h e s e q u e n c e r p o lls f o r a pr e a mb le d e tection. if a pre a mble sign a l i s det e cte d, th e se q u e n c er is switc h e d o f f an d th e c i rcui t s t ay s i n r e c e iv e m o d e unti l th e us er switches modes. otherwise, t h e re c ei v er is s wit c hed o f f u nti l t he n e x t r x p e rio d. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 110 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) t ime r 2 wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7.3.1.1. t iming dia g r a m w h e n no sig n a l i s r eceive d , t h e circu i t wak es e v e r y t i me r1 + t i me r2 a n d switc h e s t o receiv e mo de fo r a tim e d e fi n e d by t imer 2 , as shown on the following d i agram. if no pre a mble is d e tected, it then switches b a ck to id l e mod e , i.e. sleep mode with rc oscillator on. n o r e c e i ve d s i g n a l receive idle ( sl e ep + rc ) rece i ve idle timer1 timer2 timer1 t i me r2 ti m er1 figure 4 5. listen mo d e with no pr e amble rec e iv e d if a preamble sign a l is detecte d , the sequencer is switched o f f. the preambledetect sign a l can be mapped to dio4, in o r d e r to request the u s e r ' s attention. t h e use r c an the n t a k e ap p r o p r iat e acti o n . r e c e i v e d s i g n a l prea m ble ( as long as t 1 + 2 * t2 ) sync word payload crc i d le ( sleep + r c ) rec e ive time r 1 timer2 p r ea m b l e detect fig u re 46. listen mode with preamble received t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 111 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7 . 3 . 1 . 2. se q uen c er c o n f i g u r a t ion t h e foll o wi ng g r ap h s h ow s li ste n m od e - w ak e o n p r ea m bled e t e c t s t a t e ma c h in e : st a t e m a c h i n e se q uen c er off & ini t ial mode = sleep or s t a ndby s t a r t bit s e t idle m o de = 1 : sleep l o wp o wer lowpowerselection = 1 st a r t f r o m s t art = 00 selection i d l e on t1 f r o m idle = 1 on t2 receive on p r eamb l e d ete c t from r eceive = 110 seq u encer off fig u re 47. w ake on preambledet e c t s t ate mac h ine t h is example configu r a t ion is achieved as follows: t a ble 9 0 listen mode wi t h preambledet e c t con d iti o n setti n gs v a r i ab le effect i d lem o de 1: s l e e p mode f r o m st a rt 0 0: t o l o wp o w ers e l e cti on l o wpowerse l e ction 1 : to i d le state f r o m i d le 1 : t o re c e ive s t a t e on t1 i n t e rr u pt f r o m r e c e ive 1 1 0 : to s e q u e n ce r of f o n prea m b ledetect i n t e rr u pt t t im e r 2 d efin es t he maximu m d u r a ti on t he chi p s t ay s i n receiv e mo de as lo ng as n o pr e am b l e i s d etected . i n o r d er to o p ti m ize p o w er c o n s u mp ti o n, t im e r2 mu st be s e t ju s t l o ng en o u gh f or p r e am ble d e t e c ti o n. t t im e r 1 + t t i mer 2 defines the c ycling period, i.e. time between two p r eamble polling s t ar t s. in order to optimi z e average p o w e r c o n s um p t io n , t i m e r 1 s h o u ld be re l a ti v ely long. h o w eve r , increasing t imer1 al s o e xt e nd s p a ck et r eceptio n du r atio n. in o r d e r t o ins ur e p ac k et d e t e c t ion a nd o p ti m ize t h e r e c e i v er's power consumption, the r e ceived p a cket preamble sho u ld be as long as t t i mer 1 + 2 x t t im e r2 . a n ex am ple o f di o config u r a ti on fo r thi s mo de i s d esc ri b ed i n t he followi n g t abl e : t a ble 9 1 listen mode wi t h preambledet e c t con d iti o n recomm e nded dio m a ppi n g dio value d e scr ip t ion 0 0 1 c r c ok 1 0 0 f ifo l evel 3 0 0 f if o em p ty 4 1 1 p r e amble d etect C not e : m a ppreamb l ede t ec t bi t s h oul d b e s e t. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 112 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelim ina r y d at a sheet 7 .3.2. w a ke on sy n caddress int e rrupt i n a n othe r p ossi b l e sce n ari o, t he s e qu e nce r p o ll s f or a p r ea m bl e detectio n a nd th en fo r a v a li d syncaddress i n t e r r u p t . if ev en t s occu r , t he seq u enc er i s switc h e d o f f a n d th e ci rc u i t s t a y s in recei v e m ode un t il the user s wit c hes modes. otherwi s e, the receiver is s w itc h ed o f f u ntil t h e n e xt rx p e ri od . 7.3.2.1. t iming dia g r a m m os t of th e se q ue n c er r un n in g tim e i s s p e nt whil e no w a n t e d sig n a l i s r eceive d . a s s h ow n b y t he ti mi n g di ag r a m in fi gu re 4 8, t h e c ir c uit w a k e s p e r io d ic a lly f or a s ho rt ti m e, d e fi ne d by rx t i m e o u t . th e cir c uit is in a l ow p o w e r mo de f o r t h e r es t of t i me r1 + t i me r2 (i.e . t im er 1 + t im er 2 - t r x t ime o ut) n o w a n t e d s i g n a l idle receive idle ( sl e ep + rc ) rece i ve idle ti m er1 timer2 timer1 ti m er2 timer1 rxtimeout rxtimeout f igure 48. l ist e n m o de with no sy n c address det e cted i f a p r e a mbl e i s d etect ed b e for e rx t i m e ou t time r en d s , th e ci r c uit s t ay s i n receiv e m od e an d w a i t s fo r a valid syncaddress detection. i f none is d e tected by the end of t imer2, receive mode is deact iv ated and the polling c y cle r e sum e s, witho u t a n y u s er intervention. un w a n t e d s i g n a l preamble ( prea m b l e + sync = t2 ) wrong word payload crc idle receive idle rece i ve idle ti m er1 rxti m eout ti mer2 ti mer1 rxtimeout ti m er2 time r1 prea m ble detect figure 4 9 . listen mode with preamble received and no syncaddress but if a valid sync w ord is detected, a syncaddress inter r u p t is fired, the sequencer is switche d o f f and the cir c uit s t ays in r e c e iv e m od e a s l o n g as th e us er d o esn' t switc h m od e s. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 113 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet w a n t e d s i g n a l p r eamble ( prea m ble + sync = t2 ) sync word payload crc idle recei v e ti m er1 r x ti m eo u t timer2 prea m ble d e tect sync add r ess fifo level fig u re 50. listen mode wi t h preamble received & v alid sy n c address 7.3.2.2. seq u e n cer con f iguration t h e foll o wi ng g r ap h s h ow s li ste n m od e - w ak e o n syncad d res s s t a t e m achi n e: st a t e m a c h i n e s equen c e r o f f & i n i t i a l mode = s l eep or standby start b i t se t i d l emode = 1 : sle e p start fromsta r t = 00 lowpow e r lowpowerselec t i on = 1 se l e c t io n idle o n t1 f r o m idle = 1 from r xt i meout = 10 r x t i m e o u t on t2 on r x ti m eo u t r e c e i ve on syncadress f r om r ec e i ve = 101 se q ue n c e r off fig u re 51. w ake on syncaddress s t ate mac h ine t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 114 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t h is example configu r a t ion is achieved as follows: t a ble 9 2 listen mode wi t h syncaddress con d iti o n setti n gs v a r i ab le effect i d lem o de 1: s l e e p mode f r o m st a rt 0 0: t o l o wp o w ers e l e cti on l o wpowerse l e ction 1 : to i d le state f r o m i d le 1 : t o re c e ive s t a t e on t1 i n t e rr u pt f r o m r e c e ive 1 0 1 : to s e q u e n ce r off o n syncaddress i n t e rrupt f r o m rx t im e o u t 1 0: t o l o wp o w ers e l e cti on t t im e outrx p r eamb le sho u l d b e se t t o j u s t lo ng e n ou gh t o c a tc h a p re a mbl e (d e p e nd s o n preambled e t e c tsize an d b itr a te ). t t im e r 1 s h o u l d b e se t t o 64 s ( s h o r t est p o ssi b l e du r atio n ) . t t im e r 2 is set so that t t i mer 1 + t t ime r2 defines the time bet w een two s t art of reception. i n o r de r t o i n s u r e p ack et d e t e ctio n a nd o ptimiz e th e r e ceive r p o w er co ns um p ti o n , th e rec e iv ed p acke t pr e am b l e sh o ul d be d efin ed s o t h a t t preamble = t t im e r 2 - t syncaddress with t sync a d dress = ( syncsize + 1 ) *8 / bitrat e . a n ex am ple o f di o config u r a ti on fo r thi s mo de i s d esc ri b ed i n t he followi n g t abl e : t a ble 9 3 listen mode wi t h preambledet e c t con d iti o n recomm e nded dio m a ppi n g dio value d e scr ip t ion 0 0 1 c r c ok 1 0 0 f ifo l evel 2 1 1 s ync a ddress 3 0 0 f if o em p ty 4 1 1 p r e amble d etect C not e : m a ppreamb l ede t ec t bi t s h oul d b e s e t. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 115 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7.4. t o p sequencer: beacon mode in this mode, a repeti t ive me s sage is tra n smitted perio d icall y . if the payload b e ing sent is always identical, a n d p a yl o a d le n g t h i s s m alle r t h a n th e fi fo siz e, th e us e o f t he b e a c o n on bit in regp a c ketconfig2 tog e t h e r wit h the sequencer permit to a c hieve perio d ic b e a c on without any user i n terve n tion. 7 .4.1. t iming diagram in this mode, the radio is switched to t r a n smit mode every t t i mer 1 + t t i mer 2 and b a ck to idle mode a f ter packetsen t , as s h ow n i n th e dia g r am b e lo w . t he se q u e nce r insu r e s mi ni ma l time is spe n t in t r a n smit mode, and therefore p o wer consump t ion is o p timized. be ac o n m o d e idle trans m it idle ( sl e ep + rc ) t r ansmit idle ti m er1 timer2 tim e r2 timer1 timer1 pac k et sent packet sent figure 5 2 . beacon mode t iming diagram 7 .4.2. s e quencer confi g ur a tion t h e be a c on mo de s t a t e m achin e i s p r esente d i n th e foll o win g g r aph. it is n o ticeable that the seq u e n cer enters an infinite l o o p a n d ca n o nl y be st o pp ed b y s e tti ng seq u enc e r s t o p bit in regseqc o n fig 1 . st a t e m a c h i n e sequen c er o ff & i nit i al m o d e = sleep or standby s t a rt bit set id l e m ode = 1 : sleep start f romsta r t = 00 l o wp o wer select i o n lowpowerselec t i on = 1 idle on t1 fromid l e = 0 on pa ck etsent fromtransmit = 0 tran s m i t fi g ure 53. beacon m o de s t ate machine t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 116 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet t hi s ex am ple i s ac hi eve d b y p r o g ra m min g th e s e q u ence r a s f o llows: t a bl e 9 4 beac o n mo d e settings v a r i ab le effect i d lem o de 1: s l e e p mode f r o m st a rt 0 0: t o l o wp o w ers e l e cti on l o wpowerse l e ction 1 : to i d le state f r o m i d le 0 : t o t ra n sm it s t a te o n t 1 i nt e rrupt f r o m tr an smit 0 : t o l o wp o w er s e l e c t ion o n packetsent i n t e rr up t t t i m e r1 + t t i mer 2 d e f i n e th e tim e b etw e e n th e s t a rt of tw o t r a n smissio n s. t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 117 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7.5. exam p l e crc cal c ulation the follo w ing routine(s) may be implemented to mimic the crc c a lculation of the rfm95/96/97/98(w) : figure 54. example crc code t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 118 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7.6. exam p l e t emperature reading t h e foll o wi ng r o utin e (s ) m ay b e impl e me n t ed t o r e ad t he tem p e r atu re an d c a libr a t e t he s e nso r: f igure 5 5. ex a m ple t emperature readi n g t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 119 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 7 . 7 . reference desi g n ple a se con t act your represen t a tive for e v aluation tools, r e fer e n c e desig n s and d e sign assis t ance. note that all schematics sho w n in this sec t ion are f u ll s chematics, listing all r e q uir ed com p on e n t s , i n cl u di ng deco u pli n g c a p a cit o rs. figure 56 : + 20dbm s c hema t ic t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 120 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) 8. packaging information 8.1. package o u tline drawi n g t h e rfm95/96/97/98(w) i s av aila b le as sh o w n i n fig u r e 5 6 unit mm t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///
p a ge 121 rf m95/ 96/97/98 (w) wireless & sensing prelimina r y d at a sheet 15.2. ordering information d rfm95/96/97/98(w) p/n: rfm95 w - 868s2 rfm 95 w module at 868 mhz band, smd package p/n: rfm95 w - 915s2 rfm 95 w module at 915 mhz band, smd package p/n : rfm96 w - 315 s2 rfm 96 w module at 315 mhz band, smd package p/n: rfm96 w - 43 3 s2 rfm 96 w module at 43 3 mhz band, smd package p/n: rfm97 w - 868s2 rfm 97 w module at 868 mhz band, smd package p/n: rfm97 w - 915s2 rfm 97 w module at 915 mhz band, smd package p/n: RFM98 w - 315s2 r fm 98 w module at 315 mhz band, smd package p/n: RFM98 w - 43 3 s2 rfm 98 w module at 43 3 mhz band, smd package hope microelectronics co.,ltd add: 2/f, buildi ng 3, pingshan private enterprise science and technology park, lishan road, xili town, nanshan district, shenzhen, guangdong, china tel: 86 - 755 - 82973805 fax: 86 - 755 - 82973550 email: sales@hoperf.com website: http://www.hoperf.com http://www.hoperf.cn this document may contain preliminary information and is subject to change by hope microelectronics without notice. hope micr oelectronics assumes no responsibility or liability for any use of the information contained herein. nothing in this document shall operate as an express or implied license or indemnity under the intellectual property rights of hope microelectronics or thi rd parties. the products described in this document are not intended for use in implantation or other direct life support applications where malfunction may result in the direct physical harm or injury to persons. no warranties of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of mechantability or fitness for a articular purpose, are offered in this document. ?2006, hope microelectronics co.,ltd. all rights reserved. package operation band mode type t e l: +86 - 7 55 - 8 2973805 f ax: +86 - 755 - 8 29 7 3550 e - mail: sales@hope r f . c o m h t tp://ww w . hope r f . com free datasheet http:///

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